Trophinin and trophinin-assisting proteins

ABSTRACT

The present invention provides substantially purified mammalian trophinin which can mediate cell adhesion. The invention also provides substantially purified trophinin-assisting proteins, which interact with trophinin to mediate cell adhesion. The invention further provides antibodies that are specifically reactive with trophinin or a trophinin-assisting protein. In addition, the invention provides active fragments of trophinin or trophinin-assisting proteins. The invention further provides a nucleic acid molecule encoding trophinin or a trophinin-assisting protein, vectors containing the nucleic acid molecules and host cells containing the vectors. The invention also provides a nucleotide sequence that can hybridize to a nucleic acid molecule encoding trophinin or a trophinin-assisting protein. The invention further provides methods to detect trophinin or a trophinin-assisting protein or a nucleic acid molecule encoding trophinin or a trophinin-assisting protein in a sample. The invention also provides methods of effecting cell adhesion by modifying cells to express trophinin or a trophinin-assisting protein. The invention further provides trophinin antagonists and methods to reduce or inhibit cell adhesion. The invention also provides methods to treat cells with trophinin agonists resulting in increased cell adhesion.

This work was supported by grant number DK37016 awarded by the NationalInstitutes of Health. The United States government has certain rights inthis invention.

This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 08/439,818,filed May 12, 1995, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,654,145, which is aContinuation-In-Part of application Ser. No. 08/317,522, filed Oct. 4,1994, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,549,918 the entire contents of which areincorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates generally to the fields of biochemistry andmolecular biology and more specifically to cell adhesion molecules.

2. BACKGROUND INFORMATION

The early stages of pregnancy involve fertilization of an egg by asperm, followed by cell division and implantation of the embryo into theuterine cell wall. The inability of the embryo to properly implant inthe uterus is a significant cause of pregnancy failure following in vivoor in vitro fertilization. The early events of implantation arecharacterized by an initial attachment of the embryo's external celllining (trophoblast layer) to the cells lining the uterus (endometrialepithelium) followed by or in parallel with adhesion of these two celltypes. The molecular events involved in the early steps in implantationare not well understood.

Embryo attachment and adhesion to the uterine endometrium is unusual inthat cells from these two sources adhere at their apical surfaces. Incontrast, most other epithelial cell interactions adhere at their basaland lateral cell surfaces. The unique ability of trophoblast andendometrial cells to adhere may result from apical display of adhesionmolecules normally located at basal and lateral surfaces. Alternatively,adhesion of these cell types in implantation may be mediated by uniquecell surface molecules.

Recent experiments suggest that certain endometrial tumor cell linesexpress characteristics associated with implantation-receptiveendometrial tissue. In these experiments, trophoblast cells derived fromgerm cell tumors adhered to monolayers of endometrial adenocarcinomacells via their apical cell surfaces. Morphological analysis of theadhering cell surfaces showed characteristics in common with early stageimplantation. However, the molecules involved in the critical earlyadhesion step of embryo implantation were not identified. Thus, a needexists to identify the molecules responsible for adhesion of the embryoto the uterine lining. The present invention satisfies this need andprovides related advantages as well.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides substantially purified mammaliantrophinin, which mediates adhesion of cells at their apical surfaces. Inaddition, the invention provides a family of substantially purifiedmammalian trophinin-assisting proteins, including tastin, bystin andlastin, which can be involved in trophinin-mediated cell adhesion. Theinvention also provides antibodies that specifically bind trophinin or atrophinin-assisting protein. Such antibodies can be useful, for example,to detect trophinin or a trophinin-assisting protein in a sample. Inaddition, the invention provides active fragments of trophinin andtrophinin-assisting proteins.

The invention also provides nucleic acid molecules encoding trophinin ora trophinin-assisting protein, vectors containing the nucleic acidmolecules and host cells containing the vectors. These nucleic acidmolecules can be used to express trophinin or a trophinin-assistingprotein in a cell that otherwise does not express trophinin or atrophinin-assisting protein or expresses an aberrant trophinin ortrophinin-assisting protein. The invention further provides methods foradhering cells together. In addition, the invention provides methods toinhibit trophinin-mediated adhesion of cells by contacting cells with atrophinin antagonist. The invention also provides a method to increaseor decrease the likelihood of embryo implantation in a subject.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF FIGURES

FIGS. 1A, 1B, 1C and 1D collectively show the results of in vitroadhesion cell assays evaluating the ability of cell lines to undergotrophinin-mediated cell adhesion.

FIGS. 1A and 1B show binding of embryonic trophoblastic cells HT-H (1),endometrial adenocarcinoma cells SNG-M (2) and monkey kidney cells COS-1(3) to a monolayer of SNG-M cells (FIG. 1A) or HT-H cells (FIG. 1B).After 20 minutes (min) at room temperature (RT), nonadherent cells wereremoved by washing with (+) or without (-) 1 mM EDTA. The x axisindicates the percentage of cells that bound to the monolayer.

FIG. 1C shows the binding of COS-1 cells transfected with vector alone(1), vector containing tastin cDNA (2), vector containing trophinin cDNA(3) and a mixture of vectors containing tastin cDNA and trophinin cDNA(4) to a monolayer of SNG-M cells. Non adherent cells were removed bywashing with 1 mM EDTA.

FIG. 1D presents the effects of anti-trophinin antibodies on celladhesion. HT-H cells (1) or SNG-M cells (2) were added to a monolayer ofSNG-M cells previously treated with pre-immune serum (-) or withanti-trophinin antiserum anti-GST-553 (+). Non adherent cells wereremoved by washing with 1 mM EDTA.

FIGS. 2A, 2B, 2C and 2D are electron micrographs showing the interfacebetween adherent HT-H and SNG-M cells. HT-H cells were added to amonolayer of SNG-M cells and electron micrographs were taken after 10min, 6 hr or 4 days of culture.

FIG. 2A, 10 min post co-culture revealing microvilli at the lower sideof an HT-H cell (H) facing the upper surface of the SNG-M cell (S). Thebasal surface of the HT-H cell is indicated by short arrows. Scale bar=5μm.

FIG. 2B is a 4.4× higher magnification of the area indicated by theparentheses in FIG. 2A. Contact of the two cell types via microvilli isevident.

FIG. 2C, 6 hr post-culture shows a HT-H cell (H) adhered to an SNG-Mcell (S). Contact between the two cell types is closer than observed at10 min culture. The microvilli are flattened in both cells and extenddirectly from each cell to the plasma membrane of the other cell. TheSNG-M cells at this stage of contact often show invagination activity(arrow). Scale bar=1 μM.

FIG. 2D, 4 days post co-culture shows a HT-H cell (H) adhered to a SNG-Mcell (S). Microvilli are absent from the surfaces of both cells andcontact primarily is focal, with occasional development of an adherentjunction (arrow). Scale bar=0.5 μM.

FIG. 3 presents the complete nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO: 1) anddeduced amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 2) of trophinin. Single letteramino acid symbols are used. Areas of the protein are indicated asfollows: transmembrane domains (underlined), cytoplasmic domains(italics) and cell surface domains (bolded). Potential sites forN-linked and O-linked glycosylation are underlined; potential sites forprotein kinase phosphorylation are indicated by shadowed letters.

FIG. 4 is an autoradiograph of an SDS-polyacrylamide gel followingelectrophoresis of ³⁵ S-labeled proteins obtained by in vitrotranslation of trophinin (lane 1) and tastin (lane 2) cDNA. Numbers onthe right indicate the migration of molecular weight markers.

FIGS. 5A and 5B show a schematic representation of the trophininmolecule in the cell membrane and identify a repeating decapeptidesequence in the molecule.

FIG. 5A shows the topology of a trophinin molecule within the cellmembrane. Eight potential transmembrane domains are represented and theportion of trophinin containing the tandem decapeptide repeatingsequence is filled-in. The amino terminus (N), the carboxy terminus (C),potential sites for protein kinase phosphorylation (P) and potentialsites for N-linked glycosylation (circles) are indicated.

FIG. 5B shows the amino acid sequence of trophinin from position 69 to745 (SEQ ID NO: 3) in a form that identifies the individual tandemdecapeptide units.

FIG. 6 presents the complete nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO: 4) anddeduced amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 5) of the tastin cDNA clone.Single letter amino acid symbols are used. Potential sites forphosphorylation by protein kinase C (underlined bold), cAMP/cGMPdependent protein kinase (underlined), casein kinase II (bold) and MAPkinase (shadowed letters) are indicated. The location of 4 tandem repeatsequences that contain the majority of cysteines in the molecule areindicated by italics between residues 516 and 650.

FIG. 7 presents the complete nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO: 6) anddeduced amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 7) of bystin. Single letteramino acid symbols are used. Threonine and serine residues withinpotential sites for phosphorylation by protein kinase C (underlined) andcasein kinase II (bolded) are indicated. Potential sites forphosphorylation of tyrosine residues by tyrosine kinase and potentialsites for myristoylation of glycine residues are indicated in bold.

FIG. 8 presents a partial nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO: 8) and deducedamino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 9) of a portion of the lastin gene. ThecDNA obtained for the lastin gene was missing the 3' end of the codingsequence and the poly-A tail. Single letter amino acid symbols are used.Potential threonine and serine within sites for phosphorylation byprotein kinase C (underlined) and casein kinase II (bolded) areindicated. Potential sites for myristoylation of glycine residues areindicated in bold. Amino acid residues indicated by an X and nucleotidesindicated by an N are unknown.

FIGS. 9A, 9B, 9C and 9D are immunofluorescence micrographs detailingexpression of trophinin or tastin in HT-H cells and SNG-M cells asdetected by antibodies to the N-terminal region of trophinin (residue23-31 SEQ ID NO: 10) and the N-terminal region of tastin (residue 41-49SEQ ID NO: 11). FIG. 9A (HT-H) and FIG. 9B (SNG-M) show staining fortrophinin while FIG. 9C (HT-H) and FIG. 9D (SNG-M) show staining fortastin. Scale bars=10 μM.

FIGS. 10A, 10B, 10C and 10D are immunofluorescence micrographs showingstaining of trophinin and tastin in various human tissues as detected byantibodies to the N-terminal region of trophinin (residue 23-31) and theN-terminal region of tastin (residue 41-49).

FIGS. 10A and 10B present immunofluorescence micrographs of placentaltissues from early pregnancy stained via anti-trophinin antibodies. FIG.10A shows a region of trophinin staining of the chorionic villus of aplacenta obtained at seven weeks pregnancy. Fewer than half the villi inthis tissue were stained for trophinin. Staining of trophinin in thevillus in FIG. 10A is observed at the apical plasma membranes of thesyncytiotrophoblasts. FIG. 10B is a chorionic villus of placentaobtained at nine weeks pregnancy. Lysosomal vesicles of thesyncytiotrophoblasts in some villi show staining for trophinin. Scalebars=10 μM.

FIGS. 10C and 10D display immunofluorescence micrographs of endometrialepithelium stained via anti-trophinin antibodies. FIG. 10C showsstaining for trophinin at the apical membrane (arrowheads) of thesurface epithelium from early secretory phase (approximately day 16/17of the menstrual cycle). FIG. 10D shows staining for trophinin inmucinous materials (arrow; in glandular lumen) associated withendometrial tubular epithelium from middle secretory phase(approximately day 22 of the menstrual cycle). Scale bars=10 μM.

FIGS. 11A, 11B, 11C and 11D display immunofluorescence micrographs of amonkey embryo and the implantation site from a monkey stained viaantibodies to the N-terminal region of trophinin (residue 23-31).

FIGS. 11A and 11B shows an expanded blastocyst (zona pellucida removed)from a rhesus monkey under phase microscopy (11A) and afterimmunofluorescence staining with an anti-trophinin antibody (11B). Thelong arrows indicate cell mass in FIG. 11A while arrowheads indicate theembryonic pole in FIG. 11B. Strong staining for trophinin is associatedwith cells of the trophectoderm (11B). Staining of cells located at theembryonic pole (arrowheads) is stronger than staining of cells versuscells located at the mural pole (small arrows). Scale bars=25 μM.

FIG. 11C shows a tissue section taken from the site of implantation of a15 day macaque monkey blastocyst. A light micrograph shows endometrium(E), trophoblast (T), cytotrophoblasts of blastocyst (short arrow),anchoring villi of trophoblasts penetrating the endothelial epithelium(long arrows) and plaque cells in hypertrophic endometrial epithelium(asterisks). The border between the embryo and the uterine epithelium isindicated by a line. Scale bar=200 μM.

FIG. 11D is an immunofluorescence micrograph of a higher magnificationof the same tissue section described in FIG. 11C (site located inbrackets) stained with anti-trophinin antibodies to the N-terminalregion of trophinin (residue 23-31). Trophoblast layer (T) andendometrial epithelium (E) show strong staining of trophoblast cells(triangles) and endometrial cells (arrows) located at the interfacebetween the two tissues. Scale bar=10 μM.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides novel proteins involved in embryoadhesion to the uterus during implantation. The invention providestrophinin, which is present in the cell membrane of trophoblast cellsand uterine epithelial cells. The invention also provides a family ofcytoplasmic trophinin-assisting proteins, including tastin, bystin andlastin, which can interact with trophinin to effect cell adhesion.

Although the precise morphological events of implantation vary fromspecies to species, an essential feature is the formation of allogenicand heterotypic cell-to-cell contact between embryonic and maternalcells. The early events of implantation include an initial apposition ofthe trophoblast to the uterus and subsequent adhesion of the trophoblastto the endometrial epithelium (Enders, et al. In Cellular and MolecularAspects of Implantation (Plenum Press, New York, 1981); Kaufman, InBiology of the Trophoblast (Elsevier Scientific 1985); Aplin, J. Reprod.Fert. 91:525-541 (1991); Ringler and Strauss, Current. Opin. Cell Biol.2:703-708 (1990)). The initial attachment of the trophoblast to theendometrial epithelium is unusual in that this cell-to-cell contactoccurs via their respective apical cell membranes.

In general, the basal and lateral surfaces of epithelial cells ratherthan their apical surfaces provide sites for adhesion between cells. Theunique ability of trophoblast and endometrial cells to adhere at theirapical surfaces can be due to apical display of adhesion moleculesnormally located at the basal and lateral surfaces of the cells. Forexample, atypical expression of heparan sulfate and integrins on thesurface of the mouse blastocyst at peri-implantation stage has beenobserved (Farach et al., Devel. Biol. 123:401-410 (1987); Sutherland etal., J. Cell Biol. 106: 1331-1348 (1988) ; Leivo et al., Devel. Biol.76:100-114 (1980); Armant et al., Devel. Biol. 116: 519-523 (1986)).Alternatively, unique apical adhesion of trophoblast with endometrialepithelium can be mediated by unique cell surface molecules (Kliman etal., In Blastocyst Implantation, (Adams Publishing 1989)). Attempts toidentify molecules involved in embryo implantation have been conductedboth in vivo and in vitro (Lindenberg et al., Hum. Reprod. 1:533-538(1988); Armant et al., supra, 1986; Leivo et al., supra, 1980;Sutherland et al., supra, 1988; Farach et al., supra, 1987; Yamagata andYamazaki, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 181:1004-1009 (1991); Romagnanoand Babiarz, In vitro. Devel. Biol. 141:254-261 (1990)), however, noneof these studies have identified adhesion molecules that are unique toembryo implantation.

As disclosed herein, trophinin is involved in apical cell adhesionbetween cultured trophoblast HT-H cells and endometrial adenocarcinomaSNG-M cells (see FIGS. 1A and 1B). Trophinin also mediates adhesionbetween HT-H and HT-H cells and between SNG-M and SNG-M cells (SeeExample I). In contrast, these two cell types do not adhere to othertypes of epithelial cells such as HeLa, A431, SW480 and HepG-2 cells(Table 1). Thus, adhesion between HT-H and SNG-M cells is cell-typespecific.

The invention provides a substantially purified mammalian trophininhaving substantially the amino acid sequence of human trophinin shown inFIG. 3 (SEQ ID NO: 2). The amino acid sequence of trophinin was derivedfrom the nucleotide sequence shown in FIG. 3 (SEQ ID NO: 1). As usedherein, the term "substantially the amino acid sequence" means the aminoacid sequence of human trophinin as shown in FIG. 3 (SEQ ID NO: 2), aswell as amino acid sequences that are similar to SEQ ID NO: 2, but haveone or more amino acid additions, deletions or substitutions that do notsubstantially alter the ability of the encoded protein to function likea trophinin and, for example, mediate cell adhesion or elicit trophininspecific antibodies. In general, an amino acid sequence having at least65% sequence homology with the amino sequence of FIG. 3 (SEQ ID NO: 2)is considered substantially the same sequence. Thus, a mammaliantrophinin is characterized, in part, by having a greater homology withother mammalian trophinins such as human trophinin as compared withother cell adhesion type molecules.

It is well recognized that various amino acids in a polypeptide can bereplaced by other naturally- or non-naturally-occurring L- or D-aminoacids having equivalent reactive side chains or by other chemicalcompounds without substantially changing the biological activity of thepolypeptide. For example, a hydrophobic amino acid such as leucine canbe replaced by another hydrophobic amino acid such as alanine withoutsubstantially changing the amino acid sequence or activity of atrophinin polypeptide. In addition, the N-terminus or C-terminus or areactive side chain of an amino acid can be modified, for example, byacetylation or amidation, without substantially changing the activity ofa trophinin polypeptide. Such modified proteins can have advantageousproperties including, for example, increased stability in vivo or invitro, and are considered to be within the meaning of the term"substantially the amino acid sequence."

As used herein, the term "substantially purified" means a protein thatis in a form that is relatively free from contaminating lipids,proteins, nucleic acids or other material normally associated with aprotein in a cell. Substantially purified trophinin can be obtained, forexample, using well known biochemical methods of purification or byexpressing a recombinant nucleic acid molecule encoding a trophinin suchas the nucleic acid molecule shown in SEQ ID NO: 1. In addition, anamino acid sequence consisting of at least a portion of the amino acidsequence of SEQ ID NO: 2, can be chemically synthesized or can beproduced by expressing a portion of the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQID NO: 1 (see Example V and VI).

As used herein, the terms "protein" or "polypeptide" are used in theirbroadest sense to mean a sequence of amino acids that can be encoded bya cellular gene or by a recombinant nucleic acid sequence or can bechemically synthesized. In some cases, the term "polypeptide" is used inreferring to a portion of an amino acid sequence encoding a full lengthprotein. An active fragment of trophinin as defined below can be anexample of such a polypeptide. A protein can be a complete, full lengthgene product, which can be a core protein having no amino acidmodifications or can be a post-translationally modified form of aprotein such as a phosphoprotein, glycoprotein, proteoglycan,lipoprotein or nucleoprotein.

Trophinin is a cell membrane protein that is characterized primarily byits ability to effect cell adhesion. It is recognized that the abilityof trophinin to effect cell adhesion can be due to a portion of the fulllength protein. For example, as discussed below, greater than 90% oftrophinin is composed of a repeating decapeptide sequence that can beinvolved in binding to another trophinin molecule. Thus, a polypeptidethat contains only a portion of the full length trophinin protein can beuseful for mediating cell adhesion. As used herein, the term "trophinin"means the full length trophinin protein or an active fragment thereof.As used herein, the term "active fragment" means a portion of a fulllength protein, provided the portion retains at least one activity thatis characteristic of the full length protein. For example, an activefragment of trophinin can be a portion of the full length trophininprotein that can effect cell adhesion or can elicit specific antibodiesto trophinin. An active fragment of trophinin can be identified, forexample, by expressing a portion of the trophinin protein in a cell anddetermining that the cell can adhere to a trophinin expressing cell (seeExample I).

The complete amino acid sequence of human trophinin was deduced from thenucleotide sequence of a cDNA clone encoding human trophinin. Thetrophinin cDNA (SEQ ID NO: 1) contains an open reading frame coding for749 amino acids (FIG. 3). Trophinin has no significant homology tosequences contained in protein and nucleic acid databases. In vitrotranslation of trophinin cDNA and analysis using sodium dodecyl sulfatepolyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) showed that trophinin issynthesized as a major product of 61 kiloDaltons (kDa) (FIG. 4). Thisexperimentally determined molecular mass is in agreement with thepredicted molecular mass of 69.29 kDa based on the cDNA open readingframe.

Hydropathy analysis (Kyte and Doolittle, J. Mol. Biol. 157:105-132(1982)) of trophinin indicates trophinin is an intrinsic membraneprotein having 8 separate transmembrane domains (FIG. 5A). The relativeproportion of trophinin localized in the cytoplasm, in the membranebilayer and on the cell surface is 10%, 56% and 34%, respectively. Theamino terminal portion of trophinin is likely located in the cytoplasmbecause the first putative membrane spanning domain (amino acids 66 to120) follows an arginine residue at position 54, which can function as astop transfer signal during translocation into the endoplasmicreticulum, and because antibodies raised to an amino terminal peptide oftrophinin (residues 23-31) react only with cells that have had theirmembranes permeabilized by detergent treatment (see Example VI).

The amino terminal region of trophinin contains many serine andthreonine residues that can function as potential phosphorylation sitesfor enzymes such as casein kinase II (Kemp and Pearson, Trends Biochem.Sci. 15:342-346 (1990)), protein kinase C, and cAMP/cGMP dependentkinases (see Example III). Four potential N-glycosylation sites andthirteen potential O-glycosylation sites are present within thepredicted cell surface domains of trophinin (FIG. 3).

Greater than 90% of trophinin is composed of a tandemly repeateddecapeptide motif. There are 69 such repeat sequences, which exhibitsome variation in sequence and length (FIG. 5B). Portions of thedecapeptide motifs are contained within three regions of trophinin thatare hydrophilic in character and are exposed on the external side of thecell plasma membrane. The external trophinin domains are located fromamino acid positions 278 to 364 (SEQ ID NO: 20), 441 to 512 (SEQ ID NO:21) and 634 to 719 (SEQ ID NO: 22) (see bold lettering in FIG. 3).Protein secondary structure algorithms (Garnier et al., J. Mol. Biol.120:97-120 (1978); Gascuel and Golmard, Comput. Appl. Biosci. 4:357-365(1988)) predict that the decapeptide repeats conform to a repeatedβ-turn structure, which can be involved in homophilic adhesion (notshown).

In addition to trophinin, a cell can require the expression of atrophinin-assisting protein in order to effect cell adhesion. Thepresent invention provides a family of substantially purified mammaliantrophinin-assisting proteins having substantially the amino acidsequences of human tastin (SEQ ID NO: 5), human bystin (SEQ ID NO: 7)and human lastin (SEQ ID NO: 9) as shown in FIGS. 6, 7 and 8,respectively. A trophinin-assisting protein can enable adhesion of cellsthat express trophinin. As used herein, the term "substantially theamino acid sequence" means the disclosed amino acid sequence of humantastin (SEQ ID NO: 5), human bystin (SEQ ID NO: 7) or human lastin (SEQID NO: 9) as well as amino acid sequences that are similar to SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO: 7 or SEQ ID NO: 9, respectively, but have one or moreamino acid additions, deletions or substitutions that do notsubstantially alter the ability of the encoded protein to function likea trophinin-assisting protein and, for example, mediate cell adhesion orelicit a trophinin-assisting protein specific antibody.

As used herein, the term "trophinin-assisting protein" is used generallyto mean a member of the trophinin-assisting protein family of proteinsas defined by their ability to assist trophinin in mediating adhesion ofcells. Trophinin-assisting proteins include such family members astastin, bystin or lastin and can be a full length trophinin-assistingprotein or an active fragment of a trophinin-assisting protein. Forexample, amino acids 1 to 675 of lastin are a portion of the full lengthprotein and can assist trophinin in mediating cell adhesion (see ExampleII). While not necessarily structurally related, trophinin-assistingprotein family members are characterized, in part, by having theproperty of assisting trophinin mediated cell adhesion.

Trophinin and a trophinin-assisting protein can interact directly orindirectly to effect cell adhesion. For example, cell adhesion can bemediated by the direct binding of a trophinin-assisting protein totrophinin. Cell adhesion also can be due to a trophinin-assistingprotein binding to another cellular molecule which then directly orindirectly binds to trophinin. Alternatively, a trophinin-assistingprotein can interact indirectly with trophinin by binding to andeliminating the function of a negative regulator of trophinin activityin the cell.

A substantially purified trophinin-assisting protein can be obtained,for example, using well known biochemical methods of purification or byexpressing a recombinant nucleic acid molecule encoding atrophinin-assisting protein such as the nucleic acid molecules shown inSEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 6 or SEQ ID NO: 8. In addition, an amino acidsequence consisting of at least a portion of the amino acid sequences ofSEQ ID NO: 5, SEQ ID NO: 7 or SEQ ID NO: 9 can be chemically synthesizedor can be produced by expressing a portion of the nucleotide sequenceshown in SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 6 or SEQ ID NO: 8, respectively.

The complete amino acid sequence of tastin (SEQ ID NO: 5) was deducedfrom the nucleotide sequence of the tastin cDNA clone and is shown inFIG. 6. The open reading frame of the tastin cDNA encodes a proteinhaving 778 amino acids. Tastin exhibits an apparent molecular mass ofabout 80 kDa based on SDS-PAGE analysis of in vitro translated tastincDNA (FIG. 4). This mass is consistent with a molecular weight of 83.75kDa calculated from the tastin cDNA open reading frame. Tastin lacks aconsensus signal sequence characteristic of a secreted protein andcontains no transmembrane helices as assessed by hydropathy analysis(Kyte and Doolittle, supra, 1982). Thus, tastin has the characteristicsof a cytoplasmic protein.

Tastin is rich in proline residues, which account for 15.3% of the totalamino acids of the protein, and in cysteine residues. The majority ofthe cysteines are located between position 516 to 650 and occurprimarily within four tandemly repeated sequences of 33 amino acids each(region denoted by italics in FIG. 6). Tastin contains many serine andthreonine residues that are potential sites for phosphorylation,including two potential sites for cAMP/cGMP dependent kinase, sixteensites for protein kinase C (Kemp and Pearson, supra, 1990), eleven sitesfor casein kinase II and two sites for MAP kinase (Gonzalez et al., J.Biol. Chem. 266:22159-22163 (1991)) (see Example IV).

Tastin has no overall significant homology to previously reportedprotein sequences. Nucleotide sequence homology analysis of tastinidentified the sequence HFBCL29 (Genbank accession number M85643), whichwas derived from a human fetal brain cDNA library. HFBCL29 shows DNAbase complementarity to a portion of tastin cDNA (positions 2057 to2340). Thus, the HFBCL29 sequence can be homologous to a portion of thetastin sequence if HFBCL29 was recorded in the data base in theantisense direction. The protein sequence deduced from HFBCL29 isrelated to Y box binding protein-1 (Adams et al., Nature 355:632-634(1992)). However, the entire nucleotide sequence and deduced amino acidsequence of tastin are not homologous overall to the Y-box bindingprotein-1.

The complete amino acid sequence of bystin was deduced from thenucleotide sequence of the bystin cDNA clone and is shown in FIG. 7 (SEQID NO: 7). The open reading frame of the bystin cDNA codes for a proteinof 306 residues. Bystin contains threonine and serine residues withinpotential sites for phosphorylation by protein kinase C (underlined) andcasein kinase II (bolded). In addition, bystin contains tyrosineresidues (bolded) that are potential sites of phosphorylation bytyrosine kinase and glycine residues within potential sites formyristoylation (bolded). Amino acid residues 1 to 88 of bystin show asignificant degree of sequence homology to the bys gene previouslyidentified in Drosophila (Stuart et al., Mol. Cell. Biol. 13:2524(1993)).

A partial amino acid sequence of lastin was deduced from a partialnucleotide sequence of the lastin cDNA clone and is shown in FIG. 8 (SEQID NO: 9). The lastin cDNA clone does not contain the 3' end of thegene, including the stop codon and the poly-A tail. The open readingframe of the partial cDNA encodes for 675 amino acids. Lastin containsthreonine and serine within potential sites for phosphorylation byprotein kinase C (underlined) and casein kinase II (bolded). Lastin alsocontains potential sites for myristoylation of glycine residues.

The present invention also provides antibodies that are specificallyreactive with trophinin or with a trophinin-assisting protein. As usedherein, the term "antibody" is used in its broadest sense to includepolyclonal and monoclonal antibodies, as well as polypeptide fragmentsof antibodies that retain a specific binding affinity for trophinin or atrophinin-assisting protein of at least about 1×10⁵ M⁻¹. One skilled inthe art would know that antibody fragments such as Fab, F(ab')₂ and Fvfragments can retain specific binding activity for their target antigenand, thus, are included within the definition of an antibody totrophinin or to a trophinin-assisting protein. In addition, the term"antibody" as used herein includes naturally occurring antibodies aswell as non-naturally occurring antibodies such as domain-deletedantibodies (Morrison and Oi, WO 89/07142, Aug. 10, 1989, which isincorporated herein by reference) or single chain Fv (Ladner and Bird,U.S. Pat. No. 5,250,203, Nov. 9, 1993, which is incorporated herein byreference). Such non-naturally occurring antibodies can be constructedusing solid phase peptide synthesis, can be produced recombinantly orcan be obtained, for example, by screening combinatorial librariesconsisting of variable heavy chains and variable light chains asdescribed by Huse et al., Science 246:1275-1281 (1989), which isincorporated herein by reference.

Particularly useful non-naturally occurring antibodies include chimericantibodies and humanized antibodies. Methods to produce chimericantibodies and humanized antibodies by the method of CDR grafting areknown in the art (see, for example, Winter, U.S. Pat. No. 5,225,539,Jul. 6, 1993, which is incorporated herein by reference).

As used herein, the term "chimeric antibody" means an antibody having ahuman constant region and a variable region from an organism other thana human. For example, a chimeric antibody useful in the invention canconsist of a human IgG constant region and a variable region obtainedfrom a mouse anti-human trophinin antibody. As used herein, the term"humanized antibody" means an antibody having constant and frameworkregions derived from human and hypervariable regions derived from anorganism other than a human. For example, a humanized antibody useful inthe invention can consist of the amino acids that form the hypervariableregion of a mouse anti-human trophinin antibody and the amino acids thatform the framework region and constant regions of a human IgG classantibody.

Chimeric antibodies and humanized antibodies are particularly useful foradministration to a human subject, since the likelihood of an immuneresponse by the subject against the antibody is minimized. Othernon-naturally occurring antibodies within the present invention includebispecific antibodies, in which the antibody contains at least twodifferent binding specificities that can be univalent or multi-valentfor each particular binding specificity. Methods for producingbispecific antibodies by chemical crosslinking or by heterohybridomaformation are well known in the art (for trivalent antibodies, see, forexample, Ahlem and Huang, U.S. Pat. No. 5,273,743, Dec. 28, 1993), whichis incorporated herein by reference).

An anti-trophinin antibody or an anti-trophinin-assisting proteinantibody can be prepared using substantially purified trophinin or atrophinin-assisting protein, respectively, either of which can beobtained from natural sources or produced by recombinant DNA methods orchemical synthesis. For example, recombinant DNA methods can be used toexpress trophinin alone or as a fusion protein, which can facilitatepurification of the antigen and enhance its immunogenicity (see ExampleII). Similarly, an active fragment of trophinin or of atrophinin-assisting protein also can be obtained as described above andcan be used as an immunogen (see Example V). If not sufficientlyimmunogenic, such fragments or peptides can be made immunogenic byexpressing the hapten as a fusion protein or by coupling the hapten to aimmunogenic carrier molecule such as bovine serum albumin or keyholelimpet hemocyanin (KLH). Various other carrier molecules and methods forcoupling a non-immunogenic peptide to a carrier molecule are well knownin the art (see, for example, Harlow and Lane, Antibodies: A laboratoryManual Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, (1988), which isincorporated herein by reference). Methods for raising an antibody areroutine and described, for example, by Harlow and Lane (supra, 1988).

An antiserum containing polyclonal antibodies to trophinin or to atrophinin-assisting protein can be raised in rabbits, goats or otheranimals. The resulting antiserum can be processed by purification of anIgG antibody fraction using protein A Sepharose chromatography and, ifdesired, can be further purified by affinity chromatography using, forexample, Sepharose conjugated with a peptide antigen (see Example V).The ability of polyclonal antibodies to specifically bind to a givenmolecule can be manipulated, for example, by dilution or by adsorptionto remove crossreacting antibodies to a non-target molecule. Methods tomanipulate the specificity of polyclonal antibodies are well known tothose in the art (See Harlow and Lane, supra, 1988).

A monoclonal anti-trophinin or anti-trophinin-assisting protein antibodycan be produced using known methods (Harlow and Lane, supra, 1988).Essentially, spleen cells from a trophinin- or a trophinin-assistingprotein-immunized animal can be fused to an appropriate myeloma cellline such as SP2/0 myeloma cells to produce hybridoma cells. Clonedhybridoma cell lines can be screened using a labeled trophinin ortrophinin-assisting protein polypeptide to identify clones that secretean appropriate monoclonal antibody. A trophinin or a trophinin-assistingprotein polypeptide can be labeled as described below. A hybridoma thatexpresses an antibody having a desirable specificity and affinity can beisolated and utilized as a continuous source of monoclonal antibodies.Methods for identifying an anti-trophinin or anti-trophinin-assistingprotein antibody having an appropriate specificity and affinity and,therefore, useful in the invention are known in the art and include, forexample, enzyme-linked immunoadsorbance assays, radioimmunoassays,precipitin assays and immunohistochemical analyses (see for example,Harlow and Lane, supra, 1988; chap. 14).

An anti-trophinin antibody can be characterized by its ability to bind aportion of a mammalian trophinin protein, such as the portion oftrophinin that is exposed on the external side of the plasma membrane ofa cell (see, for example, FIG. 1D). An anti-trophinin-assisting proteinantibody can be characterized by its ability to bind to an epitope thatis unique to one or more members of the trophinin-assisting proteinfamily of proteins.

An anti-trophinin antibody or an anti-trophinin-assisting proteinantibody of the invention can be useful to purify trophinin or atrophinin-assisting protein, respectively, from a sample. For example,an anti-trophinin antibody can be attached to a solid substrate such asa resin and can be used to affinity purify trophinin. In addition, ananti-trophinin antibody can be used to identify the presence oftrophinin in a sample. In this case, the antibody can be labeled with adetectable moiety such as a radioisotope, an enzyme, a fluorochrome orbiotin. An anti-trophinin or anti-trophinin-assisting protein antibodycan be detectably labeled using methods well known in the art (see, forexample, Harlow and Lane, supra, (1988); chap. 9). Following contact ofa labeled antibody with a sample such as a tissue homogenate or ahistological section of a tissue, specifically bound labeled antibodycan be identified by detecting the labeled moiety.

A labeled second antibody also can be used to identify specific bindingof an unlabeled anti-trophinin or anti-trophinin-assisting proteinantibody. A second antibody generally will be specific for theparticular class of the first antibody. For example, if ananti-trophinin antibody is of the IgG class, a second antibody will bean anti-IgG antibody. Such second antibodies are readily available fromcommercial sources. The second antibody can be labeled using adetectable moiety as described above. When a sample is labeled using asecond antibody, the sample is first contacted with a first antibody,then the sample is contacted with the labeled second antibody, whichspecifically binds to the first antibody and results in a labeledsample. Alternatively, a labeled second antibody can be one that reactswith a chemical moiety, for example biotin or a hapten that has beenconjugated to the first antibody (see for example, Harlow and Lane,supra (1988); chapter 9).

The present invention also provides nucleic acid molecules encodingtrophinin or a trophinin-assisting protein. Nucleic acid moleculesencoding the disclosed proteins, which are involved in mediating apicalcell adhesion, were obtained by functional selection from an expressioncDNA library (see Example II). Essentially, a cDNA library was preparedfrom HT-H cells and transfected into non-adhering COS-1 cells, whichthen were selected for adherence to SNG-M cells. Both trophinin andtrophinin-assisting protein clones were simultaneously discovered sinceCOS-1 cells only became adherent following co-transfection with atrophinin and a trophinin-assisting protein cDNA sequence (see FIG. 1C).

The present invention provides a substantially purified nucleic acidmolecule encoding a mammalian trophinin. For example, the inventionprovides a substantially purified nucleic acid molecule encoding humantrophinin having substantially the nucleotide sequence shown in FIG. 3(SEQ ID NO: 1). As used herein, the term "substantially purified" meansthat the nucleic acid is relatively free from contaminating materialssuch as lipids, proteins, carbohydrates or cellular material normallyassociated with a nucleic acid in a cell. For example, a nucleic acidmolecule that is chemically synthesized is considered substantiallypurified. Recombinant DNA methods for producing a substantially purifiednucleic acid are well known in the art and include cloning a sequence orpolymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of a sequence (seeSambrook et al., Molecular Cloning: A laboratory manual (Cold SpringHarbor Laboratory Press 1989), which is incorporated herein byreference; see, also, Erlich, PCR Technology: Principles andapplications for DNA amplification (Stockton Press 1989), which isincorporated herein by reference). As used herein, the term"substantially the nucleotide sequence" means a sequence that contains,for example, different nucleotides than shown in FIG. 3 (SEQ ID NO: 1)but that, as a result of the degeneracy of the genetic code, encodessubstantially the same amino acid sequence as shown in FIG. 3 (SEQ IDNO: 2). Such nucleotide sequences can be either DNA or RNA and canencode either the coding or non-coding nucleotide strand.

The cloned nucleic acid molecule encoding trophinin (SEQ ID NO: 1)contains 2524 nucleotides with an open reading frame encoding 749 aminoacids (see FIG. 3). The 3' untranslated region of trophinin consists of250 nucleotides and contains a polyadenylation signal located twelvenucleotides upstream of the poly-A tail. Among the ATG codons in the 5'region, the sequence around the ATG at position 1 (see FIG. 3) closelymatches a Kozak sequence optimal for translation initiation (Kozak,Nucleic Acid Res. 12, 857-872, (1984)). No other ATG codon near the 5'end conforms to the consensus sequence for translation initiation. Invitro translation of the trophinin cDNA confirms that the ATG beginningat position 1 in FIG. 3 encodes the initiation methionine in trophinin.

The invention also provides a nucleotide sequence that can hybridize toa portion of the nucleic acid molecule encoding trophinin underrelatively stringent hybridization conditions. Relatively stringenthybridization conditions can be determined empirically or can beestimated based, for example, on the relative GC:AT content of thehybridizing nucleotide sequence and the target sequence, the length ofthe hybridizing nucleotide sequence and the number, if any, ofmismatches between the hybridizing nucleotide sequence and the targetsequence. The extent of hybridization can be controlled, for example, bythe temperature, pH or ionic strength of the hybridization reactionmixture or the subsequent wash solutions (Sambrook et al., supra, 1989).

A nucleotide sequence useful for hybridizing to a nucleic acid moleculeencoding trophinin should be at least ten nucleotides in length and canbe prepared, for example, by restriction endonuclease digestion of acloned nucleic acid molecule, such as the nucleic acid molecule shown inFIG. 3 (SEQ ID NO: 1), by PCR amplification of a portion of a nucleicacid encoding trophinin or by chemical synthesis using well knownmethods. A nucleotide sequence can be labeled with a detectable moietyand can be used as a probe to detect a nucleic acid molecule or as aprimer for PCR. Methods for detectably labeling a nucleic acid are wellknown in the art (see, for example, Sambrook et al., supra, 1989; see,also, Ausubel et al., Current Protocols in Molecular Biology (John Wiley& Sons 1987), which is incorporated herein by reference).

The invention also provides a substantially purified nucleic acidmolecule encoding a trophinin-assisting protein. For example, theinvention provides a substantially purified nucleic acid moleculeencoding human tastin, bystin or lastin having substantially thenucleotide sequence shown in FIG. 6 (SEQ ID NO: 4), FIG. 7 (SEQ ID NO:6) and FIG. 8 (SEQ ID NO: 8), respectively.

The nucleic acid molecule encoding tastin (SEQ ID NO: 4) contains 2,577nucleotides having an open reading frame encoding 778 amino acids (seeFIG. 6). The 3' untranslated region contains 133 nucleotides and has apolyadenylation signal located eleven nucleotides upstream of the poly-Atail. The nucleotide sequence around the ATG at position 1 conforms tothe consensus sequence for the translation initiation site (Kozak,supra, 1984). In vitro translation of the tastin cDNA confirms that theATG beginning at position 1 in FIG. 6 encodes the initiation methioninein tastin.

The nucleic acid molecule encoding bystin (SEQ ID NO: 6) contains 1,293nucleotides having an open reading frame encoding 306 amino acids (seeFIG. 7). The 3' untranslated region consists of 306 nucleotides.

The nucleic acid molecule encoding lastin is based on the sequence of apartial cDNA clone (SEQ ID NO: 8) that contains 2,223 nucleotides havingan open reading frame encoding 675 amino acids beginning at the ATGstart site (see FIG. 8). The 5' untranslated region consists of 198nucleotides. The nucleotide sequence around the ATG at position 1conforms to the consensus sequence for the translation initiation site(Kozak, supra, 1984).

The invention also provides a nucleotide sequence encoding atrophinin-assisting protein that can hybridize to a nucleic acidmolecule under relatively stringent hybridization conditions. Anucleotide sequence encoding a trophinin-assisting protein should be atleast ten nucleotides in length and can be prepared as described above.

The invention provides vectors containing a nucleic acid moleculeencoding a mammalian trophinin or a mammalian trophinin-assistingprotein and host cells containing the vectors. Vectors are well known inthe art and include, for example, cloning vectors and expressionvectors, as well as plasmids or viral vectors (see, for example,Goedell, Methods in Enzymology, vol. 185 (Academic Press 1990), which isincorporated herein by reference). For example, an expression vectorthat contains a nucleic acid molecule encoding trophinin can beparticularly useful for expressing large amounts of trophinin protein,which can be purified and used as an immunogen to raise anti-trophininantibodies. A baculovirus vector is an example of a vector that can beused to express large amounts of trophinin or a trophinin-assistingprotein. A vector containing a nucleic acid molecule encoding atrophinin or a trophinin-assisting protein can also contain a promoteror enhancer element, which can be constitutive or inducible and, ifdesired, can be tissue specific. Host cells also are known in the artand can be selected based on the particular vector. An appropriate hostcell can be selected based, on the particular vector used, for example,baculovirus transfer vectors can be used with baculovirus DNA to infectinsect cell lines such as SF21 cells.

An expression vector can also be used to effect the ability of cells toundergo trophinin-mediated cell adhesion. A variety of nucleic acidmolecules can be used to effect cell adhesion under various situations.For example, an expression vector that contains a nucleic acid moleculeencoding trophinin can be introduced into a cell that previouslyexpressed an insufficient level of trophinin to mediate cell adhesion.Under the appropriate conditions, cells containing such expressionvectors can increase their expression of trophinin, thus enhancing theirability to undergo trophinin mediated cell adhesion. In addition, anexpression vector containing a nucleic acid molecule encoding atrophinin-assisting protein can be used to increase trophinin-mediatedcell adhesion by introducing the expression vector into cells that failto exhibit trophinin-mediated cell adhesion due to a deficiency in theexpression of a trophinin-assisting protein.

An expression vector also can contain an exogenous nucleic acid moleculeencoding an antisense nucleotide sequence that is complementary to anucleotide sequence encoding a portion of trophinin. When introducedinto a cell under the appropriate conditions, such an expression vectorcan produce the antisense nucleic acid molecule, which can selectivelyhybridize to the trophinin gene or to an RNA molecule encoding trophininin a cell and, thereby, affect trophinin expression in the cell. Forexample, the antisense nucleic acid molecule can hybridize to atrophinin gene in the cell and can reduce or inhibit transcription ofthe trophinin gene. Also, the antisense molecule can hybridize to the anRNA molecule encoding trophinin in the cell and can reduce or inhibittranslation, processing and cell stability or half-life of the RNA.

Expression vectors also can be used to effect trophinin-mediated celladhesion by introducing into a cell an exogenous nucleic acid moleculeencoding a ribozyme that can specifically cleave RNA encoding trophinin.Introducing an expression vector into a cell and expressing a ribozymespecific for an RNA encoding trophinin can reduce or inhibit trophininexpression. An antisense nucleic acid molecule or a ribozyme can bechemically synthesized and incorporated into an expression vector usingrecombinant DNA techniques. An antisense nucleic acid molecule or aribozyme also can be added directly to a cell without having beenincorporated into the expression vector.

The above described methods for effecting trophinin-mediated celladhesion by using an expression vector to obtain expression of anexogenous nucleic acid molecule in a cell also can be accomplished ifthe exogenous nucleic acid molecule encodes a trophinin-assistingprotein or an antisense or ribozyme sequence specific for atrophinin-assisting protein. For example, an increase introphinin-mediated cell adhesion can be achieved by introducing anexpression vector encoding a trophinin-assisting protein into cells thatare deficient in trophinin-assisting protein expression or produce anon-functional trophinin-assisting protein. In addition, a decrease introphinin-mediated cell adhesion can be accomplished by introducing intoa cell an expression vector that encodes for an antisense or ribozymespecific for a trophinin-assisting protein. In such cases the expressedantisense or ribozyme can reduce or inhibit trophinin-mediated celladhesion by decreasing the effective level of trophinin-assistingprotein in a cell below that required to effect trophinin-mediated celladhesion.

The ability of cells to undergo trophinin-mediated cell adhesion alsocan be effected by introducing two or more expression vectors into acell, each encoding a different exogenous nucleic acid molecule orintroducing an expression vector capable of expressing more than oneexogenous nucleic acid molecule. To reduce or inhibit the level ofexpression of trophinin, for example, expression vectors coding for bothan antisense and a ribozyme specific for trophinin can be introducedinto a cell. The expression of both such exogenous nucleic acidsequences simultaneously in a cell can be more effective at reducingtrophinin expression than when either sequence is expressed alone.

Methods for introducing expression vectors into cells are well known inthe art. Such methods are described in Sambrook et al supra (1989) andin Kriegler M. Gene Transfer and Expression: A Laboratory Manual (W. H.Freeman and Co. New York N.Y. (1990), which is incorporated herein byreference) and, include, for example, transfection methods such ascalcium phosphate, electroporation or lipofection, or viral infection.

Recombinant viral vectors are available for introducing exogenousnucleic acid molecules into mammalian cells and include, for example,adenovirus, herpesvirus and retrovirus-derived vectors. For example, aviral vector encoding trophinin or a trophinin-assisting protein can bepackaged into a virus to enable delivery of the genetic information andexpression of these proteins in endometrial cells following infection bythe virus. Also, a recombinant virus which contains an antisensesequence or a ribozyme specific for a nucleotide sequence encodingtrophinin or a trophinin-assisting protein can be used to reduce orinhibit the ability of trophinin to mediate cell adhesion in cellsinfected by the virus.

Recombinant viral infection can be more selective than direct DNAdelivery due to the natural ability of viruses to infect specific celltypes. This natural ability for selective viral infection can beexploited to limit infection to specific cell types within a mixed cellpopulation. For example, adenoviruses can be used to restrict viralinfection principally to cells of epithelial origin. In addition, aretrovirus can be modified by recombinant DNA techniques to enableexpression of a unique receptor or ligand that provides furtherspecificity to viral gene delivery. Retroviral delivery systems can alsoprovide high infection rates, stable genetic integration, and highlevels of exogenous gene expression.

As described above, recombinant viral delivery systems exist thatprovide the means to deliver genetic information into a selected type ofcell. The choice of viral system will depend on the desired cell type tobe targeted, while the choice of vector will depend on the intendedapplication. Recombinant viral vectors are readily available to those inthe art and can be easily modified by one skilled in the art usingstandard recombinant DNA methods.

The invention also provides methods to detect trophinin or a nucleicacid molecule encoding trophinin in a sample using an agent thatspecifically binds to trophinin or to a nucleic acid molecule encodingtrophinin. As used herein the term "agent" means a chemical orbiological molecule that can specifically bind to trophinin or to atrophinin-assisting protein or to a nucleic acid molecule encodingtrophinin or a trophinin-assisting protein. For example, an agentspecific for trophinin can be another trophinin molecule or can be ananti-trophinin antibody. In addition, an agent can be a nucleotidesequence that binds to a nucleic acid molecule encoding trophinin or atrophinin-assisting protein.

As used herein, "sample" means a specimen such as a cell, tissue or anorgan, which can be obtained, for example, by biopsy from a subject orcan be a serum, urine or mucin specimen obtained from a subject. Asample containing trophinin can be used directly or can be processedprior to testing. For example, a biopsy tissue sample can be cut intotissue sections for histologic examination or can be further processedto release trophinin from cells within the tissue. Methods to process asample such as a tissue, cells or a biological fluid for detecting aprotein are known in the art (see, for example, Harlow and Lane, supra,(1988)).

The presence of trophinin in a sample can be determined by contactingthe sample with an agent that can bind to trophinin under suitableconditions, which allow the agent to specifically bind to trophinin.Suitable conditions can be achieved using well known methods and can beoptimized, for example, by varying the concentration of reactants or thetemperature of the reaction. After the agent specifically binds totrophinin in a sample, the presence of trophinin can be determined bydetecting specific binding of the agent.

An agent that can be detectably labelled can be used as a probe. Forexample, a probe for detecting the presence of trophinin in a sample canbe an anti-trophinin antibody that is detectably labelled or that can bebound by a second antibody that is detectably labelled. In addition, aprobe for detecting a nucleic acid molecule encoding trophinin or atrophinin-assisting protein can be an agent such as a nucleotidesequence that can hybridize to the nucleic acid molecule and that can bedetected directly, for example, by a radioactive moiety incorporatedinto the nucleotide sequence, or indirectly, for example, by PCRanalysis.

As used herein, "detectable label" means a molecule whose presence canbe detected due to a physical, chemical or biological characteristic ofthe molecule. Detectable labels include, for example, radioisotopes,fluorescent molecules, enzyme/substrate systems, or visually detectablemolecules. Methods to produce a probe for detecting a protein are wellknown in the art (see, for example, Harlow and Lane, supra, (1988)) andinclude, for example labelling the agent with a radioisotope,fluorescence molecule or histochemically useful enzyme or visibleparticle or colloid. Methods to produce a probe for detecting a nucleicacid molecule are also well known in the art (see, for example, Sambrooket al, supra, 1989; Hames and Higgins, Nucleic acid Hybridization: apractical approach, IRL press, New York, (1985), which are incorporatedherein by reference).

An agent often can bind to a limited but detectable level of non-targetsubstances such as the assay container and can result in backgroundbinding. Thus, to properly conclude that the presence of an agentbinding in a sample represents the presence of trophinin, it isnecessary to determine that the specific binding observed in a sample isgreater than the background binding of the agent. The level ofbackground binding of an agent can be determined using a control sample,which is similar in composition to the sample being tested but whichcontains a defined amount of trophinin or no trophinin.

The invention also provides methods to detect a trophinin-assistingprotein in a sample using an agent that specifically binds to atrophinin-assisting protein. Such an agent can be ananti-trophinin-assisting protein antibody that specifically binds to aparticular trophinin-assisting protein such as tastin, bystin andlastin. The presence of a trophinin-assisting protein in a sample can bedetermined using the methods described above.

A nucleic acid molecule encoding trophinin can be detected in a sampleusing an agent such an antisense nucleotide sequence that is specificfor trophinin as described above. The target nucleic acid molecule canbe extracted from a sample by methods well known in the art (SeeSambrook et al., supra, 1989). Methods to detect the presence of aparticular nucleic acid molecule within a population of nucleic acidmolecules are well known to those in the art and include, for example,include Southern blotting, northern blotting, slot blotting and PCRamplification (see, for example, Sambrook et al., supra, 1989). In situhybridization also can be particularly useful for identifying nucleicacids in a sample (see for example, Pardue, in Nucleic AcidHybridisation: a practical approach (IRL Press, 1991), which isincorporated herein by reference).

To detect a nucleic acid molecule encoding trophinin in a sample, thesample is contacted with a nucleotide sequence probe that can hybridizeto a nucleic acid molecule encoding trophinin under relatively stringentconditions. The presence of a nucleic acid molecule encoding trophininin the sample can be determined, for example, by detecting the presenceof a specifically bound nucleotide sequence probe. The degree ofbackground binding of the probe also can be determined in a controlsample to confirm that binding seen in the sample is due to the presenceof the target nucleic acid molecule.

A nucleic acid molecule encoding a trophinin-assisting protein also canbe detected in a sample using methods as described above. For thispurpose, the agent can be a nucleotide sequence specific for a nucleicacid molecule encoding a single trophinin-assisting protein such astastin. The target nucleic acid molecule can be extracted from thesample or can be directly detected by in situ hybridization.

A combination of both protein detecting and nucleic acid detectingmethods, when used together, can provide more information than eithermethod used alone. For example, when the expression of RNA encodingtrophinin and tastin was evaluated in samples of human tissues bynorthern blotting, low levels of trophinin mRNA and tastin mRNA wereobserved in placenta, lung and liver. However, immunofluorescenceanalysis of these tissues using anti-trophinin antibodies andanti-tastin antibodies was negative for these tissues except formacrophages present in the tissues (not shown). Thus, the combination ofnucleic acid hybridization and immunofluorescence techniques togetherdemonstrated that trophinin and tastin are not expressed by the majorityof cell types within the body but are expressed by macrophages which areresident in certain tissues.

The expression of trophinin in vivo indicates that trophinin has a rolein human embryo implantation. For example, immunofluorescence studiesusing anti-trophinin antibodies demonstrated that trophinin was absentin term placental tissues. Although trophinin was absent from themajority of placental tissues from early (7-10 week) pregnancy (exceptfor macrophages), trophinin was readily detected in focal regions in theapical plasma membranes of syncytiotrophoblasts of chorionic villi at 7weeks pregnancy (FIG. 10A). Trophinins also were found in cytoplasmicvesicles of syncytiotrophoblasts in the chorionic villi from 7-10 weekpregnancy (FIG. 10B). Double immunostaining with the lamp-1 lysosomemarker (Fukuda, J. Biol. Chem. 266:21327-21330 (1991), which isincorporated herein by reference) showed co-localization of trophininand lamp-1 in these vesicles, indicating that trophinins are present inlysosomes or endosomes. These results indicate that trophinin expressionis strictly regulated in vivo and is present on the surface ofsyncytiotrophoblasts at early stages of pregnancy but not at laterstages of pregnancy. Trophinins that are present in lysosomes ofsyncytiotrophoblasts at later stages of pregnancy can be undergoingdegradation following removal from the cell surface. Tastin was notdetected in most of the chorionic villi from 7-10 week pregnancy, exceptthat a weak signal was observed in the lysosomes of thesyncytiotrophoblasts.

In addition to expression by the embryo, trophinin also is expressed inthe uterus at the apical plasma membrane of the surface epithelium onday 16/17 endometrium (FIG. 10C), but not in endometrium during theproliferation stage (day 6-13) or ovulation stage (day 14). Endometrialbiopsy samples taken from the late secretory phase (day 20-28) showedstaining for trophinin in the mucin. Tastin could not be detected in anyof the above endometrial samples except for mucin. These results, likethose for the embryo, demonstrate that trophinin expression is strictlyregulated in endometrial tissue and is present for only a short time onthe cell surface. The expression of trophinin is consistent with theconcept of an implantation window for embryo implantation (Yoshinaga,Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 181:1004-1009 (1988); Harper, BallieresClin. Obstet. Gynaecol. 6:351-371 (1992)).

The level of trophinin or of a trophinin-assisting protein in a sampleof endometrial tissue can be diagnostic of infertility due to failure ofimplantation. For example, insufficient expression of trophinin inendometrial epithelial cells or in trophoblast cells of the embryo canresult in a failure of implantation. As described above, agents todetect trophinin or a trophinin-assisting protein can be used to detectthe level of these proteins or can be used to detect the level ofnucleic acid molecules encoding these proteins at various times duringthe menstrual cycle. For example, immunofluorescence staining withanti-trophinin antibodies showed that trophinin was present in mucinshed from endometrial epithelium of late secretory phases (day 20-28;see FIG. 10D). With implantation of the embryo, mucin shedding from theendometrial epithelium does not occur. Thus, the disclosed methods todetect trophinin are useful for testing for the absence of pregnancysince detection of trophinin shed into body fluids, for example, incervical mucus or in serum, can provide an early indication thatimplantation had not occurred and therefore, that the individual was notpregnant.

The ability to adhere cells at their apical surfaces using the methodsdescribed in the present invention can have a significant effect on cellmorphology and function as exemplified by adhesion of HT-H cells toSNG-M cells. Initial cell attachment of HT-H to SNG-M cells isassociated with the extension of the microvilli from one cell to another(FIGS. 2A and 2B). Within 6 hr after co-culture, each microvillusbecomes flattened into the plasma membrane (FIG. 2C) and adherentjunctions appear after 20 hr of co-culture (not shown). Desmosomes areformed between HT-H and SNG-M cells at sites in the plasma membrane thatwere originally the upper (apical) surface of these cells (FIG. 2D).This finding contrasts to the situation in typical epithelial cellswhere desmosomes normally form in plasma membranes located at thelateral or basal sides of the cell. The ability to form desmosomes at anew membrane surface can result from a sequential reorganization of theproteins that control the structure and polarity of epithelial cells.

Trophinin is expressed on the surfaces of HT-H and SNG-M cells in aunique lace-like pattern (FIGS. 9A and 9B). This expression indicatesthat trophinin proteins cluster to form patches in the plasma membrane.Trophinin contains decapeptide repeats that form multiple β-turnstructures (see FIGS. 5A and 5B). This unique structure can beresponsible for self-aggregation of trophinin in the cell membrane andfor mediating cell adhesion. The subcellular localization of tastin inHT-H and SNG-M cells (FIGS. 9C and 9D) indicates that tastin canassociate with cytoskeletal elements such as cytokeratins present inthese cells. Thus, trophinin-assisting protein's can function tosegregate trophinin molecules into clusters on the apical plasmamembrane membranes by interacting with trophinin in cells.

Evidence from recent studies on cell adhesion molecules indicates thattheir function is regulated by association with cytoplasmic proteins andcytoskeletal structures (Gumbiner, Neuron 11:551-564 (1993); Stappertand Kemler, Curr. Opin. Neurol. 3:60-66 (1993); Garrod, Curr. Opin. CellBiol. 5:30-40 (1993; Hynes, Cell 69:11-25 (1992)). Such molecularorganization is important for cell-to-cell adhesion and cell movement.Cytoplasmic proteins involved in regulating cell adhesion molecules areassociated with kinases that play a role in signal transduction, whichoccurs upon binding of cell adhesion molecules at the cell surface. Bothtrophinin and tastin contain serine and threonine residues that canserve as potential phosphorylation sites for protein kinases. Forexample, the amino terminal region of trophinin contains three serineand threonine residues that are potential phosphorylation sites (FIG.3). The presence of phosphorylation sites in trophinin andtrophinin-assisting proteins indicates that the adhesion of trophininsexpressed on one cell to those on another cell can be involved intriggering phosphorylation of trophinin and trophinin-assisting proteinsas a signal to initiate the morphological changes occurring subsequentto trophinin-mediated cell adhesion.

The invention provides methods to modify the ability of cells to adhereto each other. Cell adhesion can allow the cells to undergo subsequentphysiological changes associated with cell adhesion. Such physiologicalchanges can result from an increase in the adherence between cells dueto increasing the level of trophinin expressed on the cell surface. Anincrease in adherence can be achieved by introducing an exogenousnucleic acid molecule encoding trophinin into cells and allowing thecells to adhere under appropriate conditions (see Example VII). Thismethod of increasing adherence between cells can be used with any cellthat can express functional trophinin proteins. Such cells include, forexample, cells obtained from human or non-human primates or othermammalian cells, such as bovine, ovine, porcine or murine cells.

A nucleic acid molecule encoding trophinin can be introduced into apopulation of first cell types, which can be allowed to adhere to eachother. In addition, a cell from the population of first cell types,which contain a nucleic acid molecule encoding trophinin, can becombined with a second cell type, wherein a DNA molecule encoding atrophinin binding protein has been introduced into the second cell type.In this case, adhesion between the first cell type and the second celltype can occur due to binding of trophinin on one cell to the trophininbinding protein of the other cell. Similarly, a third or additional celltypes expressing trophinin or a trophinin binding protein can beincluded so as to provide adhesion among three or more cell types. Asused herein, the term "trophinin binding protein" means a molecule thatcan bind to trophinin with an affinity of about 1×10⁻⁵ M or greater asmeasured, for example, by ELISA. A trophinin binding protein caninclude, for example, trophinin itself, an anti-trophinin antibody or atrophinin-assisting protein.

Cell types that naturally express trophinin can adhere to a cell typethat has been modified to express trophinin (see Example VII). In somecases, the expression of trophinin alone in cells may not enable celladhesion. In such cases, adhesion may require the expression of atrophinin-assisting protein in addition to trophinin. The presentinvention also provides nucleic acid molecules encoding members of thetrophinin-assisting protein family of proteins as well as methods forintroducing such exogenous nucleic acid molecules into cells to obtainexpression of a trophinin-assisting protein. This method of increasingadherence between cells by introducing an exogenous nucleic acidmolecule can be used with any cell that can express functionaltrophinin-assisting proteins. Such cells include, for example, human andnon-human primates or other mammalian cells, as described above.

The level of expression of trophinin in a cell can be increased on thecell surface by contacting the cell with a trophinin agonist. As usedherein, "trophinin agonist" means a chemical or biological molecule suchas a simple or complex organic molecule, a peptide, peptido-mimetic,protein, carbohydrate or nucleotide sequence that can increase theexpression level of functional trophinin in a cell and, thereby,increase the capacity of the cell for trophinin-mediated cell adhesion.A nucleic acid encoding trophinin is an example of a trophinin agonist.An expression vector that contains an exogenous nucleic acid moleculeencoding trophinin can also be used as a trophinin agonist. For example,the introduction of an expression vector encoding trophinin into a cellcan result in increased expression of trophinin and increased ability ofthe cell to undergo trophinin-mediated cell adhesion. Another example ofa trophinin agonist can be a trophinin-assisting protein or anexpression vector that contains an exogenous nucleic acid moleculeencoding a trophinin-assisting protein. For example, a cell that canexpress trophinin but cannot efficiently mediate cell adhesion can bedue to the inability of the cell to express a level oftrophinin-assisting protein sufficient to interact with trophinin or atrophinin binding protein. In such cells, a trophinin agonist can, forexample, be a trophinin-assisting protein or an expression vectorencoding a trophinin-assisting protein.

Particular types of trophinin agonists also can include hormones,cytokines or other types of molecules that interact directly orindirectly, for example, with genetic regulatory elements that controlthe expression level of trophinin or a trophinin-assisting protein.Genetic regulatory elements include, for example, promoters, enhancers,or intronic sequences that can regulate protein expression at thetranscriptional or translational level. For example, a trophinin agonistcan increase the expression of trophinin in a cell by binding to thepromoter region of a trophinin gene and increase the efficiency oftranscription. A trophinin agonist also can increase the expression oftrophinin indirectly by binding to a regulatory protein, which, in turn,can activate an enhancer sequence to increase transcription of thetrophinin gene.

Trophinin mediated cell adhesion also can be increased by directlycontacting a cell with purified trophinin. The ability of cells toadsorb a protein such as trophinin by an active or a passive process canresult in a greater level of trophinin available on the cell surface forcontact with another cell, thus, increasing the likelihood oftrophinin-mediated cell adhesion.

Trophinin agonists, which are useful for increasing trophinin-mediatedcell adherence, are useful, for example, for preventing or minimizingthe likelihood of implantation failure. Humans or other mammals thatexhibit implantation failure can be tested for the level of trophinin ora trophinin-assisting protein expressed by endometrial cells using themethods described herein. Subjects having cells that fail to expresssufficient levels of trophinin or trophinin-assisting proteins toachieve trophinin-mediated adhesion or express an aberrant ornon-functional form of trophinin or a trophinin-assisting protein can beidentified and a trophinin agonist can be used to achieve cell adhesion.

The invention also provides methods to reduce or inhibittrophinin-mediated cell adhesion by contacting a cell with a trophininantagonist, which can reduce or inhibit trophinin binding. Such methodscan be used with human or other mammalian cells that express trophinin.For example, methods to reduce or inhibit trophinin-mediated celladhesion can be used to block or terminate embryo implantation in humansor other mammals. As used herein, "trophinin antagonist" means achemical or biological molecule such as a simple or complex organicmolecule, a peptide, peptido-mimetic, protein, carbohydrate, antibody ornucleotide sequence that can reduce or inhibit the ability of trophininto mediate cell adhesion.

A trophinin antagonist can act by binding to a trophinin molecule of afirst cell and, as a result of such binding, inhibit binding to atrophinin molecule on a second cell. Thus, the binding between twotrophinin molecules is reduced or inhibited by the trophinin antagonistto a level below that required for a biological activity. An antibodymolecule that binds to portion of trophinin exposed on the external sideof the cell membrane is an example of a trophinin antagonist. Thepresent invention provides methods to produce such antibodies (seeExample V) and to evaluate such antibodies for their ability to act astrophinin antagonists in an in vitro cell binding assay (see FIG. 1D andExample VII).

An active fragment trophinin antagonist is another example of atrophinin antagonist that can bind to trophinin on a cell and preventthe cell from binding to a second cell that expresses a trophininbinding protein. As used herein, an "active fragment trophininantagonist" means a portion of trophinin or a trophinin binding proteinthat cannot mediate cell adhesion but that can bind to a trophininmolecule. Such active fragment trophinin antagonists can be peptides assmall as about five amino acids and can be identified, for example, byscreening a peptide library (see for example, Ladner et. al., U.S. Pat.No: 5,223,409, Jun. 29, 1993, which is incorporated herein by reference)to identify peptides that bind to trophinin but do not mediate celladhesion.

A trophinin antagonist also can interfere with the interaction of atrophinin-assisting protein with trophinin. Thus, a chemical orbiological molecule such as a simple or complex organic molecule, apeptide, peptido-mimetic, protein, carbohydrate or nucleotide can be atrophinin antagonist by binding to the site on a trophinin-assistingprotein or on a trophinin molecule that is involved in the interactionbetween a trophinin-assisting protein and trophinin.

A trophinin antagonist need not bind directly to the site in trophininthat binds to another trophinin molecule or the site in trophinin thatbinds to a trophinin-assisting protein, in order to inhibit celladhesion. Thus, for example, a trophinin antagonist of sufficient size,when bound to a region in trophinin that is near the trophinin bindingsite can physically block another trophinin molecule from binding to thesite. Also, a trophinin antagonist can bind to trophinin and change thestructure of the trophinin binding site rendering it unsuitable foradhesion to another trophinin molecule. Thus, a trophinin antagonist canact like an allosteric inhibitor of an enzyme. A trophinin antagonistcan also function to inhibit trophinin-mediated cell adhesion by bindingto a trophinin-assisting protein in a cell, thereby inhibiting theability of the trophinin-assisting protein to assist trophinin inmediating cell adhesion.

A trophinin antagonist also can function by reducing the level ofexpression of trophinin or a trophinin-assisting protein, therebyreducing or inhibiting cell adhesion. For example, nucleic acidmolecules encoding an antisense nucleotide sequence or encoding aribozyme for a trophinin or a trophinin-assisting protein can beincorporated into vectors and introduced into cells by methods wellknown to those in the art as described above. The level of trophinin ortrophinin-assisting protein expression also can be reduced by treatingcells with hormones, cytokines or other type molecules that interactdirectly or indirectly with genetic regulatory elements controlling theexpression level of trophinin or a trophinin-assisting protein in acell. A trophinin antagonist can effect trophinin-mediated cell adhesionby reducing the level of expression of trophinin in the cell by blockingregulatory elements involved in maintaining expression of trophinin. Atrophinin antagonist can also reduce the level of trophinin expressionby acting directly or indirectly as a negative regulator.

Reducing or inhibiting adhesion of cells by trophinin-mediated celladhesion can be useful in vitro or in vivo. In vitro, trophininantagonists can be identified and compared to each other to determinepotency, which can be derived from concentration versus activity curvesand can be represented as the concentration of antagonist that achieves50% inhibition of activity. In vitro potency can be one criterion forselecting trophinin antagonists that can be useful in vivo. The in vitromethod for measuring potency is based on the adhesion assay used todiscover trophinin and trophinin-assisting protein molecules (see FIG.1C and Example I). In this method, a radiolabeled cell line expressingtrophinin and a trophinin-assisting protein (e.g. HT-H cells) iscontacted with the antagonist to be tested, then the mixture is added toa paraformaldehyde fixed-monolayer of trophinin and trophinin-assistingprotein expressing cells (e.g. SNG-M cells). After a period of time, theunbound cells are removed by washing and the percentage of attachedcells determined by counting the bound radioactivity. A potent trophininantagonist can be identified by its ability to significantly reduce orto inhibit trophinin-mediated cell adhesion.

The ability of trophinin to mediate cell adhesion can have other invitro uses besides that of a trophinin antagonist. For example,trophinin can be used to bind trophinin-expressing cells to a solidsupport, which is useful, for example, to purify a population oftrophinin expressing cells from a mixed population containing trophininexpressing and non-trophinin expressing cells or to purify a trophininexpressing embryo. Also, trophinin attached to a prosthetic devise canbe used to bind a layer of trophinin expressing cells to the devise torender the devise more suitable for introduction in vivo.

Trophinin can be bound to a solid support using methods known in the art(for example see Harlow and Lane, supra, (1988)). For example, purifiedtrophinin in PBS (phosphate buffer saline, 10 mM phosphate buffer, pH7.4 ) can be directly adsorbed to a plastic tissue culture surface, apolyvinyl chloride surface or a nitrocellulose surface. Trophinin alsocan be covalently coupled to beads such as, for example, agarose orpolyacrylamide that had been previously activated by a coupling agentsuch as glutaraldehyde or cyanogen bromide. In addition, trophinin canbe attached indirectly to a solid support, for example, by first coatingor coupling an agent that can specifically bind to trophinin.

A population of trophinin-expressing cells can be enriched from a mixedpopulation of trophinin-expressing and cells that do not expresstrophinin by applying the mixed cell population to a solid support orsurface containing trophinin. After a period of time sufficient to allowthe trophinin-expressing cells to adhere to the solid support, cellsthat do not express trophinin can be washed from the support. Theenriched population of trophinin expressing cells can be used directlyon the solid support or can be removed from the solid support byvigorous washing or by treating the cells with a trophinin antagonist.

A trophinin antagonist or agonist can be used to prepare a medicamentfor the treatment of a condition such as infertility, for treatment of adisease or for intervening in a potential pregnancy. For example, atrophinin antagonist can be administered to a subject to block embryoimplantation following fertilization by inhibiting binding of the embryotrophoblast cell layer to the uterine epithelial cell layer. A trophininantagonist also can be used to terminate implantation after it hasalready occurred by administering a trophinin antagonist to effectdetachment of the embryo from the uterine cell lining. In contrast, atrophinin agonist can be administered to a subject to alleviateimplantation failure by enhancing the binding between the trophoblastcell layer of the embryo and the endothelial cell layer of the uterus.Trophinin antagonists and agonists of the invention are particularlyuseful when administered as a pharmaceutical composition containing thetrophinin antagonist or agonist and a pharmaceutically acceptablecarrier. Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers are well known in the artand include, for example, aqueous solutions such as physiologicallybuffered saline or other solvents or vehicles such as glycols, glycerol,oils such as olive oil or injectable organic esters.

A pharmaceutically acceptable carrier can contain physiologicallyacceptable compounds that act, for example, to stabilize or to increasethe absorption of a trophinin antagonist or agonist. Suchphysiologically acceptable compounds include, for example,carbohydrates, such as glucose, sucrose or dextrans, antioxidants, suchas ascorbic acid or glutathione, chelating agents, low molecular weightproteins or other stabilizers or excipients. One skilled in the artwould know that the choice of a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier,including a physiologically acceptable compound, depends, for example,on the route of administration of the composition.

One skilled in the art would know that a pharmaceutical compositioncontaining a trophinin antagonist or agonist can be administered to asubject by various routes including, for example, by intra-uterineinstillation, orally or parenterally, such as intravenously,intramuscularly, subcutaneously or intraperitoneally. The compositioncan be administered by injection or by intubation. The pharmaceuticalcomposition also can be incorporated, if desired, into liposomes ormicrospheres or can be microencapsulated in other polymer matrices(Gregoriadis, Liposome Technology, Vol. 1 (CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla.1984), which is incorporated herein by reference). Liposomes, forexample, which consist of phospholipids or other lipids, are nontoxic,physiologically acceptable and metabolizable carriers that arerelatively easy to make and administer.

In order to inhibit embryo implantation, the trophinin antagonist isadministered in an effective amount, which is about 0.01 to 100 mg/kgbody weight. As used herein, the term "effective amount" means theamount of trophinin antagonist that can effectively block a celladhesion event. For example in the case of implantation, an effectiveamount is that which blocks embryo implantation. In the case of atrophinin agonist, the "effective amount" means the amount of agonistthat can effectively increase level of trophinin-mediated cell adhesion.For example, in implantation failure, an effective amount of a trophininagonist is the amount that allows for successful implantation. Aneffective amount of a trophinin antagonist or agonist in a subject canbe determined using methods known to those in the art.

The total effective amount can be administered to a subject as a singledose, either as a bolus or by infusion over a relatively short period oftime, or can be administered using a fractionated treatment protocol, inwhich the multiple doses are administered over a more prolonged periodof time. One skilled in the art would know that the concentration oftrophinin antagonist or agonist required to obtain an effective dose ina subject depends on many factors including the age and general healthof the subject as well as the route of administration and the number oftreatments to be administered and the chemical form of the antagonist oragonist. In view of these factors, the skilled artisan would adjust theparticular amount so as to obtain an effective amount for the subjectbeing treated.

The cadherin and integrin families of adhesion molecules, which areinvolved in cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesion, are implicated inepithelial differentiation, carcinogenesis and metastasis. A furtherunderstanding of how such adhesion receptors exert their biologicaleffects on the cell was accomplished through the discovery of a celladhesion regulator gene (Pullman and Bodmer, Nature 356:529-533 (1992)).The cell adhesion regulator gene codes for a protein that is located inthe cytoplasm and functions as a signal transduction molecule forintegrin adhesion receptors. The cell adhesion receptor gene has thecharacteristics of a tumor suppressor gene because inactivation of thegene can result in loss of differentiation induction of a cell andsubsequent acquisition of invasive and metastatic character. The genesencoding the trophinin-assisting proteins of the present invention alsocan function as tumor suppressor genes. For example, the structuralfeatures of the trophinin-assisting proteins, as derived from thededuced amino acid sequences (see SEQ ID NO: 5, SEQ ID NO: 7 and SEQ IDNO: 9), are consistent with a cytoplasmic regulatory protein that canmediate intracellular signalling of trophinin or other cell adhesionmolecules.

The present invention provides methods to increase the level ofexpression of trophinin-assisting proteins, thus increasing the tumorsuppressor activity of a cell. Such methods can, for example, be usefulfor the treatment of cancer. As used herein, a trophinin-assistingprotein agonist means a chemical or biological molecule such as a simpleor complex organic molecule, a peptide, peptido-mimetic, protein,carbohydrate or nucleotide sequence that can increase the expressionlevel of a trophinin-assisting protein in a cell. Particular types oftrophinin-assisting protein agonists can include hormones, cytokines orother types of molecules that interact either directly or indirectlywith genetic regulatory elements controlling the expression level of atrophinin-assisting protein.

The following examples are intended to illustrate but not limit thepresent invention.

EXAMPLE I Cell Culture Adhesion Method

This example describes methods for performing cell adhesion assays andfor evaluating their specificity and impact on cell morphology.

A. Cell Lines

The human teratocarcinoma cell line HT-H was used as a source ofembryonic trophoblast cells for the adhesion assay. HT-H cells (Izhar etal., Biol. 116:510-518 (1986), which is incorporated herein byreference) were maintained in RPMI 1640 medium containing 10% fetalbovine serum, 2 mM glutamine, 100 units/ml penicillin and 100 μg/mlstreptomycin. Trophoblastic HT-H cells were separated fromundifferentiated HT-H cells as described (Izhar et al., supra, 1986) andsubcloned for use in the experiments described. The endometrialadenocarcinoma cell line SNG-M (Ishiwata et al., Cancer Res.37:1777-1785 (1977), which is incorporated herein by reference) wasmaintained in RPMI medium as described above. Endometrial adenocarcinomacell lines Hec1A, RL95-2 AN3CA and KLE were obtained from American TypeCulture Collection (Rockville Md.) and were cultured in Dulbecco'smodified Eagle's (DME) medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum, 2 mMglutamine, 100 units/ml penicillin and 100 μg/ml streptomycin.Additional epithelial cells which were tested included COS-1 cells(monkey kidney), HeLa (uterine cervical carcinoma), HepG2(hepatocellular carcinoma), SW480 (colonic adenocarcinoma), and A431(epidermoid carcinoma). These cells were obtained from the American TypeCulture Collection and were cultured as described above.

B. Cell Adhesion Assay

The adhesion of HT-H cells to several different human endometrialepithelial cells was examined. HT-H cells were metabolically labeledwith ³⁵ S-methionine using Trans-label (DuPont/NEN, Boston Mass.) inmethionine- and cysteine-free RPMI medium supplemented with 10% dialyzedfetal bovine serum, 2 mM glutamine, 100 μg/ml pyruvate, 100 units/mlpenicillin and 100 μg/ml streptomycin. Cells were labeled at 37° C. in ahumidified CO₂ incubator. After 20 minutes (min), the medium wasreplaced with complete medium and cells were incubated an additional 2hr.

The ³⁵ S-labeled HT-H cells were detached from the tissue culture dishusing cell dissociation solution (Specialty Media, Lavalette, N.J.)supplemented with 1 mM EDTA. The cells were pelleted by centrifugationand resuspended in Hank's balanced salt solution (HBS). Cell suspensions(0.2 ml, 5×10⁴ cells) were added to a monolayer of endometrialepithelial cells grown in a 24 well tissue culture plate. HT-H cellsthat did not adhere to the monolayer were removed by washing 3× with HBSwith or without 1 mM EDTA. The cells remaining in each well weresolubilized with 0.5 ml of 0.5N NaOH and 1% SDS. The lysate wastransferred to a scintillation vial and radioactivity was counted. Thedata were expressed as % radioactivity remaining on the monolayerrelative to the total radioactivity of ³⁵ S-labeled HT-H cells added.The results were obtained from triplicate cultures.

The results of the cell adhesion assays indicate that HT-H cellsattached to the SNG-M, Hec1A, KLE and RL95-2 cells, but attachedminimally to the AN3CA cells (Table 1). The addition of 1 mM EDTA didnot change significantly the percentage of HT-H cells which bound toSNG-M, Hec1A and KLE cells (Table 1), whereas, the attachment of HT-Hcells to RF95-2 cells was reduced significantly in the presence of EDTA.These results indicate that adhesion of HT-H cells with SNG-M, Hec1A orKLE cells is divalent cation independent. In contrast, HT-H adhesion toRL95-2 cells is largely divalent cation dependent since a relativelylarge number of cells failed to adhere after washing with EDTA (Table1). Since a relatively high proportion of HT-H cells adhered to SNG-Mcells and that adherence was not cation dependent, these cells werechosen for further study.

                  TABLE I    ______________________________________    ADHESION OF HT-H CELL TO ENDOMETRIAL    ADENOCARCINOMA CELLS                 Percentage HT-H cells attached    -Cell Line.sup.#                   + EDTA    - EDTA    ______________________________________    SNG-M          56.9 ± 8.2                             49.7 ± 7.3    Hec1A           29.6 ± 10.2                             24.2 ± 8.3    KLE            32.5 ± 8.5                             27.2 ± 4.8    RL95           83.5 ± 9.7                              20.4 ± 12.1    AN3CA           4.2 ± 0.8                              2.1 ± 0.6    ______________________________________     .sup.# Used as a monolayer without fixation.

Cell adhesion assays also were conducted using fixed cell monolayers. Inthis case, cells grown in 24 well tissue culture plates were treatedwith 1% paraformaldehyde in PBS for 15 min at RT. The fixed cells werewashed in PBS and were used for cell adhesion assays as described above.The results showed that HT-H cells adhered efficiently to the surface ofparaformaldehyde-fixed monolayer of SNG-M cells in a divalent cationindependent manner (FIG. 1A). Furthermore, when SNG-M cells were addedto a fixed monolayer of SNG-M cells, they adhered efficiently in adivalent cation independent manner (FIG. 1A).

COS-1 cells adhered minimally to SNG-M cells (FIG. 1A), whereas HeLa,HepG2, SW480 and A431 did not detectably adhere (not shown). Essentiallythe same results were obtained when fixed HT-H cell monolayers were usedin place of SNG-M cell monolayers (FIG. 1B). In summary, adhesionbetween HT-H and SNG-M cells is cell type specific and divalent cationindependent.

C. Morphological Evaluation of Adherent Cells

Electron microscopy was used to characterize the adherent interfaceformed during the co-culture of HT-H and SNG-M cells. SNG-M cells weregrown in a Falcon 3001 (25×10 mm) tissue culture dish until reaching 50%confluency. HT-H cells were detached from the tissue culture dish bytrypsin/EDTA treatment and were added to monolayers of SNG-M cells. Thecombined cells were cultured for up to 4 days. At various times,individual cultures were processed for transmission electron microscopy.Cells were fixed in freshly prepared fixative (10 mM NaIO4, 75 mMlysine, 37.5 mM sodium phosphate buffer, 2% paraformaldehyde, pH 6.2)for 15 min at RT. Cells then were washed with phosphate buffer, treatedwith glutaraldehyde and processed for electron microscopy as describedpreviously (Klier et al., Devel. Biol. 57:440-449 (1977), which isincorporated herein by reference). Electron microscopy was performedusing a Hitachi K-600 electron microscope.

Following 10 min co-culture, the apical surface of HT-H cells faced theapical surface of SNG-M cells (FIG. 2A) and many microvilli were presentbetween the cells (FIG. 2B). After 6 hr, there were closer adhesiveinteractions between the cells (FIG. 2C), with the edges of themicrovilli extending from one cell type and attaching to the cellsurface of the other cell type (FIG. 2C). Occasional invagination in theplasma membrane of the SNG-M cells was observed (shown by an arrow inFIG. 2C). After 4 days, the microvilli had disappeared completely fromthe surfaces of both cell types and desmosome-like adherent junctionswere present between the cell (FIG. 2D).

The results described using the in vitro cell adhesion assay are similarto the morphological studies of human implantation in vivo and in vitro(Lindenberg et al., Hum. Reprod. 1:533-538 (1986); Knoth and Larsen,Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand. 51:385-393 (1972)). For example, duringimplantation, the trophoblast endometrial epithelial cells showcharacteristics which include: 1) reduction of microvilli in areas ofattachment, 2) an invagination response of endometrial cells at thecontact site, 3) formation of a junction complex or sign of focaladhesions between the trophoblast and endometrial cells in a later stageof implantation and 4) intrusion of the trophoblast between theendometrial epithelia. Thus, the HT-H and SNG-M cells provided are auseful in vitro model of embryo implantation.

EXAMPLE II Expression Cloning of Molecules Mediating Adhesion of HT-HCells to SNG-M Cells

This example describes a method to clone cDNA molecules that areinvolved in mediating cell adhesion.

A. Expression of a cDNA Library in COS-1 Cells

A functional cDNA expression cloning strategy was used to obtain thenucleic acid molecules encoding the proteins responsible for theinitial, EDTA independent cell adhesion between HT-H and SNG-M cells(Aruffo and Seed, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (USA) 84:8573-8577 (1987),which is incorporated herein by reference). COS-1 cells, which did notadhere efficiently to monolayers of SNG-M cells (see FIG. 1A), werechosen for transfection with a cDNA library derived from HT-H cells(obtained from Invitrogen Corp. Ltd; San Diego, Calif.). Poly-A mRNAprepared from freshly harvested HT-H cells was used to construct aunidirectional cDNA expression library in the mammalian expressionvector pcDNAI. The cDNA library consisted of 2×10⁶ independent cloneswith an insert size ranging from 0.5 to 3.0 kb.

COS-1 cells (1×10⁸ cells) were transfected with the HT-H cDNA libraryusing electroporation. This method of transfection was used because thediethylaminoethyl-dextran and lipofection reagents used for othertransfection methods increased the nonspecific adhesion of COS-1 cellsto the SNG-M cells. COS-1 cells were grown in Falcon culture dishesuntil the cells reached about 75% confluency, were detached using 0.1%trypsin and 1 mM EDTA and suspended in DME medium containing 10% fetalbovine serum. The cells were pelleted by centrifugation, washed 2× withcold PBS and 1-0.5×10⁷ cells/ml were suspended in PBS containing 100μg/ml plasmid DNA. Electroporation was performed using a Gene Pulser(Biorad, Hercules, Calif.) at 0.4 kvolt with a capacitance of 125 μF.The transfected cells were cultured for 48 hr in DME medium containing10% fetal bovine serum, 2 mM glutamine, 100 units/ml penicillin and 100μg/ml streptomycin.

B. Screening the cDNA Expression Library by Cell Adhesion

The transfected COS-1 cells were selected for binding to an SNG-M cellmonolayer. The SNG-M cells were cultured to confluency in a Falcon 3001or 3005 tissue culture dish, then fixed with 1% paraformaldehyde in PBSat RT for 15 min. The fixed SNG-M cells were washed 3× with PBS and 1×with HBS.

Two days following electroporation, transfected COS-1 cells weredetached from the tissue culture plate by incubating for 5-10 min withcell dissociation solution (Specialty Media, Lavalette, N.J.)supplemented with 1 mM EDTA. The cells were suspended in HBS containing1 mM EDTA and were added to a fixed SNG-M cell monolayer and allowed toattach at RT for 20 min. The plate was washed 3× with HBS containing 1mM EDTA and transfected COS-1 cells that remained on the SNG-M cellmonolayer were mechanically detached by flushing HBS with a pasteurpipet. Approximately 1×10⁴ COS-1 cells were recovered and added to asecond SNG-M monolayer to adhere as described above. After 20 min, thenonadherent COS-1 cells were discarded by washing as above and theadherent cells (representing about 1×10³ COS-1 cells) were solubilizedwith 1% SDS. Plasmid DNA was recovered from the SDS soluble extract andamplified in E. coli MC1061/P3 cells.

The plasmid DNA obtained from the transfected COS-1 cells was subjectedto a second round of electroporation in COS-1 cells followed byselection by adhesion as described above, except that the number ofcells used for transfection was reduced to 1×10⁸ to 1×10⁷ cells. Afterthe first adhesion selection step, about 2×10³ transfected COS-1 cellswere attached to the SNG-M monolayer. After the second cell adhesionstep, plasmid DNA was obtained by extraction with SDS as describedabove.

E. coli MC1061/P3 cells were transformed using plasmid DNA following thesecond transfection. Plasmid DNA from two hundred E. coli clones wasdivided into ten groups containing 20 plasmids each. Fresh COS-1 cellswere transfected with each group containing the mixture of 20 clones andallowed to adhere to a monolayer of the SNG-M cells. The individualclones derived from a group that was positive for adhesion were eachtransfected into COS-1 cells and tested for adhesion. However, thetransfected COS-1 cells derived from individual clones failed to adhereto the SNG-M cells. The 20 clones were screened again using a series ofmixtures containing a decreasing number of clones. A mixture of twospecific cDNA sequences were the minimum required to enable transfectedCOS-1 cells to adhere to SNG-M cells. The initial pair of cDNA clonesidentified were trophinin and tastin. The results in FIG. 1C demonstratethat COS-1 cells transfected with a mixture of trophinin and tastin cDNAadhered to a monolayer of SNG-M cells, while COS-1 cells transfectedonly with trophinin cDNA or tastin cDNA failed to adhere. Furtherscreening of the remaining 200 clones for co-transfection with thetrophinin clone identified two other clones which were required foradhesion. The additional two clones were named bystin and lastin.

The trophinin cDNA clone encodes an intrinsic membrane protein, whilethe tastin, bystin and lastin clones likely encode a cytoplasmicprotein. The cDNA clones were sequenced by the dideoxy nucleotide chaintermination method of Sanger et al. (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (USA),74:5463-5467 (1977), which is incorporated herein by reference) using amodified T7 DNA polynuclease ("SEQUENASE", United States Biochemicals,Cleveland, Ohio). The nucleotide sequence of the trophinin cDNA wasdetermined from restriction fragments subcloned into Bluescript fromnested deletion mutants generated by exonuclease III (BoehringerMannheim, Indianapolis, Ind.). The nucleotide sequence of the tastin,bystin and lastin cDNA were determined using oligonucleotide primers.Editing and analysis of the sequence was done using DNASIS (Hitachi,Tokyo, Japan) and PCgene software (Intelligenetics, Mountain View,Calif.). Sequence comparisons with the databases were performed usingthe "blast" network program (National Center for BiotechnologyInformation, NIH). The complete nucleotide sequence for trophinin cDNAis shown in FIG. 3 (SEQ ID NO: 1), while the complete nucleotidesequence of tastin and bystin and a partial nucleotide sequence oflastin are shown in FIG. 6 (SEQ ID NO: 4), FIG. 7 (SEQ ID NO: 6) andFIG. 8 (SEQ ID NO: 8), respectively. The clone which contained thelastin sequence was missing the 5' end of the gene including the poly-Atail of the mRNA.

EXAMPLE III Characterization of Trophinin

The complete cDNA sequence and the deduced amino acid sequence oftrophinin are shown in FIG. 3. The trophinin cDNA clone covers 2524nucleotides with an open reading frame encoding 749 amino acids. The 3'untranslated region consists of 250 nucleotides and contains apolyadenylation signal 12 bp upstream of the poly-A tail. An optimaltranslation initiation sequence (Kozak, supra, 1984) is associated withonly one of the ATG codons in the near 5' region. Use of this ATG fortranslation initiation would result in a predicted molecular mass of69.29 kDa for trophinin.

The plasmid cDNA clones were subjected to in vitro translation using T7oligonucleotide primer, rabbit reticulocyte lysate (Promega, Madison,Wis.), RNA polymerase and ³⁵ S-methionine. The products were processedby SDS-PAGE and visualized by autoradiography. In vitro translation oftrophinin cDNA showed a major product at 61 kDa (FIG. 4), which is inagreement with the predicted molecular mass of 69.29 kDa.

Hydropathy analysis (Kyte and Doolittle, supra, 1982) of trophinindefines this molecule as an intrinsic membrane protein having 8 separatetransmembrane domains (FIG. 5A). No cleavable signal sequence was foundin the cDNA clone coding for trophinin, however, the first putativemembrane spanning domain (amino acids 66 to 120) follows an arginineresidue at position 54 that can function as a stop transfer signalduring translocation into the endoplasmic reticulum. Employment of thestop transfer sequence during translocation can result in the aminoterminal segment of trophinin from the methionine at position 1 to theserine at position 65 being located in the cytoplasm. The location ofthe amino terminal portion of trophinin was examined using antibodiesraised against a peptide within the predicted cytoplasmic tail of thetrophinin (residues 23 to 31). In these experiments, the antibodies onlyreacted with HT-H cells that had their cell membranes removed bydetergent treatment, indicating that the amino terminal portion oftrophinin is located in the cytoplasm.

The amino terminal region of trophinin contains three serine and/orthreonine residues that can function as potential phosphorylation sites(see FIG. 3). The threonine at position 7 is contained within aconsensus site for phosphorylation by casein kinase II (Kemp andPearson, supra, 1990). The serine residues at position 46 and 52 arelocated within consensus sequence sites for protein kinase Cphosphorylation. The serine residue at position 46 also is containedwithin a consensus sequence site for cAMP/cGMP dependentphosphorylation. The presence of phosphorylation sites in atransmembrane protein such as trophinin indicates a likely mechanism forsignalling the morphological changes in cells that are known to occursubsequent to trophinin-mediated adhesion (see FIGS. 2A, 2B, 2C and 2D).

Trophinin contains eight potential membrane spanning regions (FIG. 5A).The relative proportion of trophinin localized in the cytoplasm, in themembrane bilayer and on the cell surface is 10%, 56% and 34%,respectively. Four potential N-glycosylation sites, and thirteenpotential O-glycosylation sites, are found within the predicted cellsurface domains of trophinin (FIG. 3).

Greater than 90% of trophinin is contains a tandemly repeateddecapeptide motif (FIG. 5B SEQ ID NO: 3). There are 69 such repeatsequences and they exhibit some variation in sequence and length. Thepredicted exposed cell surface domains of trophinin contain regions ofdecapeptide repeats that are hydrophilic in character. Three suchexposed domains can be identified in trophinin, at amino acid positions278 to 364 (SEQ ID NO: 20), 441 to 512 (SEQ ID NO: 21) and 634 to 719(SEQ ID NO: 22) (see FIG. 3; bold lettering).

Protein secondary structure algorithms (Garnier et al., supra, 1978;Gascuel and Golmard, supra, 1988), predict that the decapeptide repeatsconform to a repeated β-turn structure that can be a key structuralelement for efficient homophilic adhesion (not shown). Four potentialN-glycosylation sites, N-X-S(T), and thirteen potential O-glycosylationsites, P-S(T) or S(T)-P, are found within the predicted cell surfacedomains of trophinin (FIG. 3). Trophinin has no significant homology tosequences in protein and nucleic acid databases.

EXAMPLE IV Characterization of Trophinin-Assisting Proteins

The complete nucleotide sequence of the tastin cDNA clone (SEQ ID NO: 4)and the deduced amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 5) are shown in FIG. 6.The tastin cDNA clone contains 2,577 nucleotides with an open readingframe encoding 778 amino acids. The 3' untranslated region contains 128nucleotides and has a polyadenylation signal 11 bp upstream of thepoly-A tail. The nucleotide sequence around the ATG at position 11 iscontained within a consensus sequence for a translation initiation site(Kozak, supra, 1984). In vitro translation of the tastin cDNA produce apredominant product of 80 kDa (FIG. 4), consistent with the predictedmolecular weight 83.75 kDa based on the cDNA open reading frame. Tastinis likely a cytoplasmic protein since it lacks an obvious secretorysignal sequence and transmembrane helices as defined by hydropathyanalysis (Kyte and Doolittle, supra, 1982), and shows a pattern of cellstaining similar to other cytoplasmic proteins (see FIGS. 9C and 9D).

Tastin is rich in prolines, which account for 15.3% of the total aminoacids of the protein. In addition, the region from residues 516 to 650is cysteine rich (see italics in FIG. 6), with the majority of thecysteines located within four tandem repeat sequences of 33 amino acidseach (not shown). Tastin also contains many serine and threonineresidues and a tyrosine residue that, when considered with theiradjacent amino acid residues, provide sequence motifs for protein kinasephosphorylation (FIG. 6). Specifically, tastin contains twocAMP/cGMP-dependent phosphorylation sites located at position 234 and350 and sixteen protein kinase C phosphorylation sites, among which thethreonine at position 179 most closely matches the consensus sequence(Kemp and Pearson, supra, 1990). Tastin also contains eleven serine andthreonine residues that are potential casein kinase II phosphorylationsites and two threonines at positions 177 and 363 that are within aconsensus MAP kinase phosphorylation site (Gonzalez et al., supra,1991).

Tastin has no overall significant homology to previously reportedprotein sequences. Nucleotide sequence homology analysis of tastinidentified the sequence HFBCL29 (Genbank accession number M85643), whichwas derived from a human fetal brain cDNA library. HFBCL29 showshomology to a portion of tastin cDNA (positions 2340 to 2057) providedthe HFBCL29 sequence represents the non-coding stand of the DNA (ie. thehomology is due to nucleotide base complementarity). Thus, HFBCL29sequence would be homologous to a portion of the tastin if the formersequence had been recorded in the data base in the antisense direction.The protein sequence deduced from HFBCL29 is believed to be related to Ybox binding protein-1 (Adams et al., supra, 1992). However, the entirenucleotide sequence and deduced amino acid sequence of tastin overallare not homologous to the Y-box binding protein-1.

EXAMPLE V Production of Antibodies to Trophinin and a TrophininAssisting Protein (Tastin)

Peptide sequences of trophinin and tastin were analyzed to predictuseful antigenic sites using the method of Hopp and Wood, Mol. Immunol.20:483-489 (1983), which is incorporated herein by reference. A shortsequence from the amino terminal end of trophinin and from tastin wereselected as antigens. The sequences FEIEARAQE (SEQ ID NO: 10),representing residues 23 to 31 of trophinin, and DQENQDPRR (SEQ ID NO:11), representing residues 41 to 49 of tastin, were chemicallysynthesized with a cysteine residue added to the amino terminus tofacilitate protein conjugation. The peptides were conjugated to KLHusing meta-maleimidobenzoyl N-hydroxysuccinimide ester (Sigma ChemicalCo., St. Louis, Mo.) as described by Kitagawa and Aikawa (J. Biochem.79:342-346 (1976)), which is incorporated herein by reference). NewZealand white rabbits were immunized the peptide-KLH conjugatesaccording to the following procedure. On day 1, animals were injectedsubcutaneously with peptide conjugate emulsified in Freund's completeadjuvant. On day 14, the animals were boosted by subcutaneous injectionof peptide conjugate emulsified in Freund's incomplete adjuvant. Animalswere bled (30 ml) on days 24, 31 and 38 to obtain a source of antisera.Anti-peptide antibodies were purified from rabbit antisera by protein Aaffinity chromatography and peptide affinity chromatography as describedby Richardson (J. Virol. 54:186-193 (1985), which is incorporated hereinby reference). Rabbit antibodies to trophinin and tastin were used todetect these molecules in samples of cells and tissues (see Example VI).

To raise antibodies specific for portions of the trophinin molecule thatare expressed on the external surface of the cell membrane, the threehydrophilic domains containing decapeptide repeats were separatelyexpressed in bacteria as a fusion to glutathionine S-transferase (GST).The trophinin cDNA from the aspartic acid residue at position 278 to theserine residue at position 364 was amplified by PCR using theoligonucleotide primers GGAATTCATGGATGGCTCTCCCAGCACTGGTG (SEQ ID NO: 14)and GCAGCTGAGTGCTGGTGCTTAGTGTACCACC (SEQ ID NO: 15) to produce thefusion protein GST551. The trophinin cDNA from the proline residue atposition 441 to the serine residue at position 512 was amplified by PCRusing the oligonucleotide primers GGAATTCATGCCCAGCAACAGCATTGGC (SEQ IDNO: 16) and GCAGCTGAGTACTGGTGCTGGGTCCATCACAAAAAC (SEQ ID NO: 17) toproduce the fusion protein GST552. The trophinin cDNA from amino acidresidues serine at position 634 to asparagine at position 719 wasamplified by PCR using oligonucleotide primersGGAATTCATGAGCGATGGCTTTGGCAGTAG (SEQ ID NO: 12) andCGTCGACTCAGTTTGGTCCACCGCCGAAGCCAG (SEQ ID NO: 13) to produce the fusionprotein GST553. The trophinin cDNA from the methionine residue atposition 1 to the serine residue at position 66 was amplified by PCRusing the oligonucleotide primers GGAATTCATGGATATCGACTGCCTA (SEQ ID NO:18) and GCAGCTGAGTCTGGAGCTGGGTGCACCAT (SEQ ID NO: 19) to produce thefusion protein GST-N-terminal trophinin.

The amplified DNA fragments of the fusion proteins were ligated intopGEX-4T-1 vector (Pharmacia, Piscataway N.J.) at the EcoRI and Xho1sites. E. coli HB101 was transformed with the plasmid vectors and theGST fusion proteins were produced as described by the manufacturer. Thefusion proteins were initially purified by affinity chromatography onGlutathionine-agarose beads (Pharmacia).

For immunization to produce antibodies to the external domains oftrophinin, GST551, GST552 and GST553 fusion proteins wereelectrophoresed in SDS-PAGE, the gel was stained with Coomassie blue,and the band containing the fusion protein excised from the gel. Thepolyacrylamide gel containing the purified fusion proteins were injectedinto rabbits to produce antibodies acccording to the procedure describedpreviously for the synthetic peptides except that antibodies were notpurified from the antiserum.

EXAMPLE VI Detection of Trophinin and a Trophinin Assisting Protein(Tastin) in Cells and Tissues

This example provides methods to identify and localize trophinin andtastin in various types of samples.

A. Localization of Trophinin and Tastin in Cultured Cells

HT-H and SNG-M cells were grown on glass coverslips in Falcon 3005tissue culture dishes for 2-3 days. The cells were fixed at RT for 15min with 1% paraformaldehyde in PBS, then washed 4× with PBS. Fixedcells were incubated in PBS containing 5% bovine serum albumin (IIFbuffer) plus 0.1% saponin at RT for 30 min, then incubated 45 min at RTwith anti-trophinin or anti-tastin antibody diluted in IIF buffer plus0.1% saponin to permeabilize the cells. After further washing with IIFbuffer plus 0.1% saphonin, cells were incubated for 30 min at RT withfluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-conjugated goat anti rabbit IgGF(ab')₂ (Cappel, Durham, N.C.) diluted in IIF buffer. Coverslipscontaining the cells were washed 3× with IIF buffer and 1× with PBS,then placed upside down on a slide glass in an aliquot of 95% glyceroland 5% PBS. Micrographs were obtained with a Zeiss Axioplan fluorescencemicroscope or a Zeiss LSM410 confocal laser scanning microscope.

Antibodies to an N-terminal peptide of trophinin (residue 23-31) showedstaining of permeabilized HT-H and SNG-M cells that appears as alace-like pattern due to clustering of the fluorescence over the cellsurface (FIGS. 9A and 9B). A tangential view by confocal microscopy (notshown) showed that the majority of trophinin is detected in the upperplasma membranes of these cells. A small amount of trophinin staining isdetected inside the cells and in their basal plasma membranes.

Antibody to an N-terminal peptide of tastin exhibited a diffuse stainingconsistent with detection of fibers in the cytoplasm of permeabilizedHT-H and SNG-M (FIGS. 9C and 9D). The fibers spread from the perinuclearregion toward the edge of the cells indicating that tastin likelyassociates with the cytoskeleton in HT-H and SNG-M cells. Thus, tastincontaining fibers that associate with the cytoskeleton can be involvedin organizing trophinin as patches in the plasma membranes to effectefficient cell adhesion.

Antisera to GST551, GST552 and GST553, reactive with the hydrophilicdomains of trophinin, were tested for staining the cell surfaces ofunpermeabilized HT-H cells. For these experiments, cells were processedas for permeabilized cells except that saphonin was not used. Thestaining pattern observed for all three antibodies was similar to thatobtained when permeabilized cells were stained by antibodies to theN-terminal domain of trophinin (residue 23-31, see FIG. 9A). Similarresults were obtained using SNG-M cells as the cell targets (see FIG.9B). These results demonstrate that all three hydrophilic domains oftrophinin are exposed on the cell surface of HT-H and SNG-M cells.

COS-1 cells transfected with trophinin cDNA were also tested forstaining with the antisera to the trophinin hydrophilic externaldomains. The cells showed a weak and diffuse staining on the surfacewith all three antisera. In contrast, COS-1 cells transfected with amixture of trophinin and tastin cDNA showed stronger and more clusteredstaining with the antisera. These data indicate that tastin functions tocreate multivalent patches of trophinin on the cell surface. Suchclustering of trophinin provides a basis for the observed requirement ofCOS-1 cells to be transfected with cDNA encoding for trophinin and atrophinin-assisted protein in order to undergo trophinin-mediated celladhesion.

The detection of trophinin exposed on the cell surface of cultured cellswas also determined using cell surface labelling and immunoprecipitationtechniques. Proteins exposed on the external side of the plasma cellmembrane were labelled at their cysteine residues with biotin-maleimide(Sigma). HT-H and SNG-M cells were removed from culture flasks byscraping with a rubber policeman and washed with ice-cold PBS. 1×10⁶cells were suspended in 1 ml PBS and mixed with 20 μl ofdimethylformamide containing 10 μg biotin-maleimide. After 1 hr on ice,the cells were washed and resuspended in 1% NP-40 nonionic detergent toproduce a soluble lysate and an insoluble material. After centrifugationto remove the NP-40 soluble lysate, the insoluble material wassolubilized in 0.1% SDS essentially as described previously (Oshima etal. Dev. Biol. 99:447-455 (1983), which is incorporated herein byreference). The NP-40 soluble lysate was mixed with avidin-agarose beads(Sigma) for two hr at RT and the beads were centrifuged to yield anavidin-unbound fraction of the NP-40 soluble lysate. The beads were thenwashed and bound proteins eluted by boiling the beads for 2 minutes inSDS sample buffer (see Harlow and Lane, supra, 1988). Both bound andnon-bound avidin fractions and the SDS soluble fraction were evaluatedfor their content of trophinin by immunoblotting with the antiserum toGST553 and with the antibodies to the N-terminal domain of trophinin(residue 23-31). Immunoblotting was performed by SDS-PAGE andnitrocellulose transfer essentially as described by Towbin et al. (Proc.Natl. Acad. Sci. (USA), 76:4350-4354 (1976)) except that enhancedchemiluminescence was used for detection of immunoreactive bands (ECLkit, Amersham, Buckinghamshire, UK).

Immunoblotting of surface labelled cells showed three bands withapparent molecular masses of 90 kDa, 120 kDa and 140 kDa in HT-H cellsand SNG-M cells. The majority of trophinin was detected in theavidin-bound fraction as compared to the non-bound fraction, indicatingthat trophinin is exposed on the external side of the cell surface. Asignificant amount of trophinin was insoluble in NP-40 detergent,indicating that some trophinin molecules are associated with thecytoskeleton and, therefore, that trophinin is an intrinsic plasmamembrane protein.

Trophinin was evaluated by IIF to determine if the hydrophilicextracellular domains of trophinin could be used to detect trophininexpressing cells. The trophinin extracellular domain fusion proteinsGST551, GST552 and GST553, the GST-N-terminal domain (residue 1-66) andGST were labelled with biotin succinamide (Sigma). SNG-M, HT-H and COS-1cells transfected with a mixture of trophinin and tastin cDNA were grownon coverslips and processed for cell staining with the biotinylatedproteins essentially as was described for the antibodies to the externaldomains of trophinin, except that avidin-FITC (Cappel) was used in placeof a FITC-secondary antibody.

All three biotinylated trophinin extracellular domain fusion proteinsstained unpermeabilized HT-H, SNG-M and the COS-1 cells transfected withtrophinin and tastin cDNA. In contrast, no staining was seen when thecells were reacted with biotinylated GST or the biotinylatedGST-N-terminal domain of trophinin. These results indicate that thesoluble trophinin domains can bind trophinin exposed on the surface ofthe cells and, therefore, that the trophinin cell surface hydrophilicdomains can be used to detect trophinin expressing cells.

B. Detection of Trophinin and Tastin by Northern Blotting

Total RNA was isolated from HT-H cells, SNG-M cells and COS-1 cells bythe acid-guanidine:phenol:chloroform method (Chirgwin et al., Biochem.18:5294-5299 (1979), which is incorporated herein by reference). Poly-AmRNA was prepared using oligo dT cellulose affinity chromatography (polyA Quick, Strategene). Five μg of poly-A RNA was electrophoresed in a 1%agarose. formaldehyde gel and the RNA was transferred by blotting tonitrocellulose filter paper. The filter paper was heated at 80° C. for 2hr to fix the RNA and was prehybridized and hybridized as described byThomas (Thomas, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (USA) 77:5201-5205, (1980), whichis incorporated herein by reference). cDNA clones were labeled with ³²P-α-dCTP (DuPont/NEN, Boston Mass.) using a random oligo labeling kit(Boehringer-Mannheim, Indianapolis Ind.). Northern blotting was alsoperformed using MTN-1 filters containing human tissue RNA (Clontech,Palo Alto, Calif.) prepared as described above.

A ³² P-cDNA probe for trophinin detected a 3,5, 7.5 and 10 kb mRNAspecies from both HT-H and SNG-M cells which were not detectable fromCOS-1 cells (not shown). A ³² P-cDNA probe for tastin detected a 3.2 and3.3 kb mRNA species from both HT-H and SNG-M cells (not shown). Theprobes also detected the appropriate sized mRNA species in the poly-AmRNA from placenta, lung and liver, but at lower levels than that seenin the cell lines. Poly-A mRNA from heart, brain, muscle, kidney andpancreas failed to react with either the trophinin or tastin probes.

C. Expression and Localization of Trophinin and Tastin in HumanPlacental and Endometrial Tissues.

Tissues embedded in paraffin were obtained from the University ofCalifornia at San Diego Tissue Bank. These tissues included placenta,endometrial, liver, lung, kidney, ovary, spleen, colon, testes, brain,and spinal cord. Paraffin embedded tissue sections (0.5 or 3 μM thick)were deparaffinized and microwaved in 10 mM citrate buffer, pH 6.0, inorder to recover antigenic activities (Shi et al., J. Histochem.Cytochem. 39:741-748 (1991), which is incorporated herein by reference).The sections were stained with anti-trophinin oranti-trophinin-assisting protein antibodies and FITC goat anti-rabbitantibodies according to methods described above (see Example VI,subsection A). Mouse anti-lamp-1 antibodies were used to detectendosomes and lysosomes (Fukuda, supra, 1991). Double immunostaining forlamp-1 and trophinin was performed in de-paraffinized and microwavedsections using the following sequence of reagents (Williams and Fukuda,J. Cell Biol. 111:955-966 (1990) which is incorporated herein byreference): 1) anti-lamp-1 antibody, 2) rhodamine conjugated goatanti-mouse IgG antibody (Sigma, St Louis, Mo.), 3) anti-trophininantibody and 4) FITC goat anti-rabbit IgG antibody (Cappel, Durham,N.C.).

Anti-trophinin and anti-tastin antibodies failed to stain cells inplacenta, liver, lung, kidney, ovary, spleen, colon, testes, brain, andspinal cord, except for macrophages present in the tissues (not shown).Trophinin was not detected in term placental tissues or in placentaltissues from early (7-10 week) pregnancy (except for macrophages),whereas trophinin was readily detected in focal regions in the apicalplasma membranes of syncytiotrophoblasts of chorionic villi at 7 weekspregnancy (FIG. 10A). Trophinin also was present in cytoplasmic vesiclesof syncytiotrophoblasts in the chorionic villi from 7-10 week pregnancy(FIG. 10B). Double immunostaining with the lamp-1 lysosome marker showedco-localization of trophinin and lamp-1 in these vesicles, indicatingthat trophinins are present in lysosomes and/or endosomes (not shown).These observations indicate that trophinin expression is strictlyregulated and appears on the surface membranes of syncytiotrophoblastsat early stages of pregnancy but not at later stages of pregnancy.Trophinins seen in lysosomes of syncytiotrophoblasts at later stages ofpregnancy can be undergoing degradation after being removed from thecell surface. Tastin was not detected in most of the chorionic villifrom 7-10 week pregnancy, except for a weak signal in the lysosomes insyncytiotrophoblasts (not shown).

In addition to expression by the embryo, trophinin also is expressed inthe uterus at the apical plasma membrane of the surface epithelium onday 16/17 endometrium (FIG. 10C), but not in endometrium during theproliferation stage (day 6-13) or ovulation stage (day 14). Endometrialbiopsy samples taken from late secretory phases (day 20-28) showedstaining for trophinin in the mucin. Tastin could not be detected in anyof the above endometrial tissue samples except for mucin. These results,like those for the embryo, demonstrate that trophinin expression isstrictly regulated in endometrial tissue, with trophinin appearing foronly a short time on the cell surface. Thus, trophinin is involved inembryo implantation as its pattern of expression is consistent with theconcept of an implantation window

Further evidence that trophinin is involved in implantation comes forimmunofluorescence analysis of a blastocyst taken from a Rhesus monkey.After removal of the exterior Zona pellucida, the expanded blastocystshowed strong staining at the apical plasma membranes of thetrophectoderm cells. More intense staining for trophinin was observed ontrophoblast cells located at the embryonic pole as opposed to the muralpole (see FIGS. 11A and 11B). Such polarized staining is consistent withthe observation that the embryonic pole of both primate and humanblastocysts is the site of attachment to the endometrial epithelium(Enders et al, supra (1981); Knoth and Larson, supra (1972) andLindenberg et al, supra (1986)).

Trophinin was also detected both in trophoblasts and endometrialepithelial cells at the implantation site of a Macaque monkey (see FIGS.11C and 11D). Trophinin positive cells were seen among those anchoringvilli and cytotropioblasts of the blastocyst and in plaque cells orhypertrophic endometrial epithelium (not shown). As shown in FIG. 11D,the most intense staining for trophinin was observed among trophoblastand endometrial epithelial cells located at the site of adhesion betweenthese two tissues. These results with non-human primate embryos togetherwith the studies on human endometrial and implantation site tissuesprovide strong support for the conservation of trophinin as a mediatorof implantation among all primates.

EXAMPLE VII Use of Trophinin to Mediate Adhesion Between Cells

This example provides methods to adhere cells together using trophinin.

COS-1 cells were transfected with a mixture of trophinin and tastin cDNAand evaluated for cell adhesion capability. Transfected cells that weresuspended in HBS with 1 mM EDTA and maintained at RT formed distinctcell aggregates after about 10-20 min, while untransfected COS-1 cellsformed little if any aggregates under the same conditions. Thus, theexpression of both trophinin and tastin in COS-1 cells provided thesecells with the ability to aggregate together in suspension.

The ability of various cells to adhere to a monolayer of COS-1 cellstransfected with trophinin and tastin cDNA was evaluated in the adhesioncell assay in the presence of 1 mM EDTA. COS-1 cells transfected withtrophinin and tastin cDNA bound the monolayer while COS-1 cellstransfected with the control pcDNA1 vector failed to show significantbinding. When the monolayer was pretreated for 1 hr at RT with antiserato GST551, GST552 or GST553 trophinin external domain fusion proteins,the ability of the monolayer to adhere to COS-1 cells transfected withtrophinin and tastin cDNA was greatly diminished. These results indicatethat transfection with both trophinin and tastin, a trophinin-assistedprotein, can confer the property of undergoing adhesion mediated bytrophinin. The inhibition of cell adhesion by antibodies to thehydrophilic external domains of trophinin confirms the role of suchdomains in trophinin-mediated cell adhesion.

Trophinin-mediated cell adhesion between HT-H suspension cells and amonolayer of SNG-M cells and between SNG-M cells and a monolayer ofSNG-M cells was also tested for inhibition by antibodies to trophinin.In both cases, pretreatment of the monolayer with antiserum to GST553(FIG. 1D) or with Fab' fragments of antibodies to GST553 significantlyinhibited the amount of cell adhesion. Similar results were obtainedwhen SNG-M cells were added to an SNG-M cell monolayer. In contrast tothese results, pretreatment of the SNG-M cell monolayer with preimmunerabbit sera or with antibodies to a synthetic peptide of the aminoterminal region of trophinin (residues 23-31) failed to inhibit adhesionof SNG-M or HT-H cells. These experiments provide further evidence forthe role of the external hydrophilic domains of trophinin introphinin-mediated cell adhesion.

Although the invention has been described with reference to the examplesprovided above, it should be understood that various modifications canbe made without departing from the spirit of the invention. Accordingly,the invention is limited only by the claims.

    __________________________________________________________________________    SEQUENCE LISTING    (1) GENERAL INFORMATION:    (iii) NUMBER OF SEQUENCES: 22    (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:1:    (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:    (A) LENGTH: 2524 base pairs    (B) TYPE: nucleic acid    (C) STRANDEDNESS: single    (D) TOPOLOGY: linear    (ix) FEATURE:    (A) NAME/KEY: CDS    (B) LOCATION: 28..2275    (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:1:    GTGGCTGGGCCCTGGAATTGGGATGACATGGATATCGACTGCCTAACAAGG51    MetAspIleAspCysLeuThrArg    15    GAAGAGTTAGGCGATGATTCTCAGGCCTGGAGCAGATTTTCATTTGAA99    GluGluLeuGlyAspAspSerGlnAlaTrpSerArgPheSerPheGlu    101520    ATTGAGGCCAGAGCCCAAGAAAATGCAGATGCCAGCACCAACGTCAAC147    IleGluAlaArgAlaGlnGluAsnAlaAspAlaSerThrAsnValAsn    25303540    TTCAGCAGAGGAGCTAGTACCAGGGCTGGCTTCAGCGATCGTGCTAGT195    PheSerArgGlyAlaSerThrArgAlaGlyPheSerAspArgAlaSer    455055    ATTAGCTTCAATGGTGCACCCAGCTCCAGTGGTGGCTTCAGTGGTGGA243    IleSerPheAsnGlyAlaProSerSerSerGlyGlyPheSerGlyGly    606570    CCTGGCATTACCTTTGGTGTTGCACCCAGCACCAGTGCCAGCTTCAGC291    ProGlyIleThrPheGlyValAlaProSerThrSerAlaSerPheSer    758085    AATACAGCCAGCATTAGCTTTGGTGGTACACTGAGCACTAGCTCCAGC339    AsnThrAlaSerIleSerPheGlyGlyThrLeuSerThrSerSerSer    9095100    TTCAGCAGCGCAGCCAGCATTAGCTTTGGTTGTGCACACAGCACCAGC387    PheSerSerAlaAlaSerIleSerPheGlyCysAlaHisSerThrSer    105110115120    ACTAGTTTCAGCAGTGAAGCCAGCATTAGCTTTGGTGGCATGCCTTGT435    ThrSerPheSerSerGluAlaSerIleSerPheGlyGlyMetProCys    125130135    ACCAGTGCCAGCTTTAGTGGTGGAGTCAGCTCTAGTTTTAGTGGCCCA483    ThrSerAlaSerPheSerGlyGlyValSerSerSerPheSerGlyPro    140145150    CTCAGCACCAGTGCCACTTTCAGTGGTGGAGCCAGCTCTGGCTTTGGA531    LeuSerThrSerAlaThrPheSerGlyGlyAlaSerSerGlyPheGly    155160165    GGCACACTCAGCACCACGGCTGGCTTTAGTGGTGTACTCAGCACTAGC579    GlyThrLeuSerThrThrAlaGlyPheSerGlyValLeuSerThrSer    170175180    ACCAGCTTTGGCAGTGCACCCACAACGAGCACAGTCTTCAGTAGTGCG627    ThrSerPheGlySerAlaProThrThrSerThrValPheSerSerAla    185190195200    CTTAGCACCAGCACTGGCTTTGGAGGCATACTCAGCACCAGTGTCTGT675    LeuSerThrSerThrGlyPheGlyGlyIleLeuSerThrSerValCys    205210215    TTTGGTGGCTCTCCCAGCTCCAGTGGTAGCTTTGGTGGTACACTCAGT723    PheGlyGlySerProSerSerSerGlySerPheGlyGlyThrLeuSer    220225230    ACCAGTATCTGCTTCGGTGGCTCTCCCTGCACCAGCACTGGCTTTGGA771    ThrSerIleCysPheGlyGlySerProCysThrSerThrGlyPheGly    235240245    GGCACACTTAGCACCAGTGTCTCCTTTGGTGGCTCTTCCAGCACCAGT819    GlyThrLeuSerThrSerValSerPheGlyGlySerSerSerThrSer    250255260    GCCAATTTTGGTGGTACACTAAGTACCAGCATCTGCTTTGATGGCTCT867    AlaAsnPheGlyGlyThrLeuSerThrSerIleCysPheAspGlySer    265270275280    CCCAGCACTGGTGCTGGCTTTGGTGGTGCTCTCAACACCAGTGCCAGC915    ProSerThrGlyAlaGlyPheGlyGlyAlaLeuAsnThrSerAlaSer    285290295    TTTGGCAGTGTGCTCAACACCAGTACTGGTTTTGGTGGTGCTATGAGC963    PheGlySerValLeuAsnThrSerThrGlyPheGlyGlyAlaMetSer    300305310    ACCAGTGCTGACTTTGGCGGTACACTAAGCACCAGTGTCTGCTTTGGT1011    ThrSerAlaAspPheGlyGlyThrLeuSerThrSerValCysPheGly    315320325    GGCTCTCCTGGCACCAGTGTCAGCTTTGGCAGTGCACTCAACACCAAT1059    GlySerProGlyThrSerValSerPheGlySerAlaLeuAsnThrAsn    330335340    GCTGGTTATGGTGGTGCTGTCAGCACCAACACTGACTTTGGTGGTACA1107    AlaGlyTyrGlyGlyAlaValSerThrAsnThrAspPheGlyGlyThr    345350355360    CTAAGCACCAGCGTCTGTTTTGGTGGCTCTCCCAGCACCAGTGCTGGC1155    LeuSerThrSerValCysPheGlyGlySerProSerThrSerAlaGly    365370375    TTTGGTGGTGCACTCAACACCAATGCCAGCTTTGGCTGTGCCGTCAGC1203    PheGlyGlyAlaLeuAsnThrAsnAlaSerPheGlyCysAlaValSer    380385390    ACCAGTGCCAGCTTCAGTGGTGCTGTCAGCACCAGTGCTTGCTTCAGT1251    ThrSerAlaSerPheSerGlyAlaValSerThrSerAlaCysPheSer    395400405    GGTGCACCAATCACCAACCCTGGCTTTGGCGGTGCATTTAGCACCAGT1299    GlyAlaProIleThrAsnProGlyPheGlyGlyAlaPheSerThrSer    410415420    GCTGGCTTCGGTGGTGCACTTAGTACCGCTGCTGACTTCGGTGGTACT1347    AlaGlyPheGlyGlyAlaLeuSerThrAlaAlaAspPheGlyGlyThr    425430435440    CCCAGCAACAGCATTGGCTTTGGTGCTGCTCCCAGCACCAGTGTCAGC1395    ProSerAsnSerIleGlyPheGlyAlaAlaProSerThrSerValSer    445450455    TTTGGTGGTGCTCATGGCACCAGCCTCTGTTTTGGTGGAGCTCCCAGC1443    PheGlyGlyAlaHisGlyThrSerLeuCysPheGlyGlyAlaProSer    460465470    ACCAGCCTCTGCTTTGGCAGTGCATCTAATACTAACCTATGCTTTGGT1491    ThrSerLeuCysPheGlySerAlaSerAsnThrAsnLeuCysPheGly    475480485    GGCCCTCCTAGCACCAGTGCCTGCTTTAGTGGTGCTACCAGCCCTAGT1539    GlyProProSerThrSerAlaCysPheSerGlyAlaThrSerProSer    490495500    TTTTGTGATGGACCCAGCACCAGTACCGGTTTCAGCTTTGGCAATGGG1587    PheCysAspGlyProSerThrSerThrGlyPheSerPheGlyAsnGly    505510515520    TTAAGCACCAATGCTGGATTTGGTGGTGGACTGAACACCAGTGCTGGC1635    LeuSerThrAsnAlaGlyPheGlyGlyGlyLeuAsnThrSerAlaGly    525530535    TTTGGTGGTGGCCTAGGCACCAGTGCTGGCTTCAGTGGTGGCCTAAGC1683    PheGlyGlyGlyLeuGlyThrSerAlaGlyPheSerGlyGlyLeuSer    540545550    ACAAGTTCTGGCTTTGATGGTGGGCTAGGTACCAGCGCTGGCTTCGGT1731    ThrSerSerGlyPheAspGlyGlyLeuGlyThrSerAlaGlyPheGly    555560565    GGAGGACCAGGCACCAGCACTGGTTTTGGTGGTGGACTGGGCACCAGT1779    GlyGlyProGlyThrSerThrGlyPheGlyGlyGlyLeuGlyThrSer    570575580    GCTGGCTTCAGTGGCGGACTGGGCACCAGTGCTGGCTTTGGTGGTGGA1827    AlaGlyPheSerGlyGlyLeuGlyThrSerAlaGlyPheGlyGlyGly    585590595600    CTGGTCACTAGTGATGGCTTTGGTGGTGGACTGGGCACCAATGCTAGT1875    LeuValThrSerAspGlyPheGlyGlyGlyLeuGlyThrAsnAlaSer    605610615    TTCGGCAGCACACTTGGCACCAGTGCTGGCTTTAGTGGTGGCCTCAGC1923    PheGlySerThrLeuGlyThrSerAlaGlyPheSerGlyGlyLeuSer    620625630    ACCAGCGATGGCTTTGGCAGTAGGCCTAATGCCAGCTTCGACAGAGGA1971    ThrSerAspGlyPheGlySerArgProAsnAlaSerPheAspArgGly    635640645    CTGAGTACCATCATTGGCTTTGGCAGTGGTTCCAACACCAGCACTGGC2019    LeuSerThrIleIleGlyPheGlySerGlySerAsnThrSerThrGly    650655660    TTTACTGGCGAACCCAGCACCAGCACGGGCTTCAGTAGTGGACCCAGT2067    PheThrGlyGluProSerThrSerThrGlyPheSerSerGlyProSer    665670675680    TCTATTGTTGGCTTCAGCGGTGGACCAAGCACTGGTGTTGGCTTCTGC2115    SerIleValGlyPheSerGlyGlyProSerThrGlyValGlyPheCys    685690695    AGTGGACCAAGCACCAGTGGCTTCAGCGGTGGACCCAGCACAGGAGCT2163    SerGlyProSerThrSerGlyPheSerGlyGlyProSerThrGlyAla    700705710    GGCTTCGGCGGTGGACCAAACACTGGTGCTGGCTTTGGTGGTGGACCG2211    GlyPheGlyGlyGlyProAsnThrGlyAlaGlyPheGlyGlyGlyPro    715720725    AGCACCAGTGCTGGCTTTGGCAGTGGAGCCGCCAGTCTTGGTGCCTGT2259    SerThrSerAlaGlyPheGlySerGlyAlaAlaSerLeuGlyAlaCys    730735740    GGCTTCTCGTATGGCTAGTGAGGTTTCAGATACCGCTAATAAATTGCAGTAGTCCT2315    GlyPheSerTyrGly    745    TCCCATGGAGCCAAAGTACCTTGGATCTTTGTCCACACAGCAGTCAAGGCAGTTATGGCC2375    CATCAGCTGAGGGTGTCATGTGATGGAAAAATCTGTTTGCTGTTCCTGCTTTATTGTTTG2435    CTTTCTGTGTGCTGTCATATTTTGGTATCAGAGTTACATTAAATTTGCAAAATGAAAAAA2495    AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA2524    (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:2:    (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:    (A) LENGTH: 749 amino acids    (B) TYPE: amino acid    (D) TOPOLOGY: linear    (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: protein    (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:2:    MetAspIleAspCysLeuThrArgGluGluLeuGlyAspAspSerGln    151015    AlaTrpSerArgPheSerPheGluIleGluAlaArgAlaGlnGluAsn    202530    AlaAspAlaSerThrAsnValAsnPheSerArgGlyAlaSerThrArg    354045    AlaGlyPheSerAspArgAlaSerIleSerPheAsnGlyAlaProSer    505560    SerSerGlyGlyPheSerGlyGlyProGlyIleThrPheGlyValAla    65707580    ProSerThrSerAlaSerPheSerAsnThrAlaSerIleSerPheGly    859095    GlyThrLeuSerThrSerSerSerPheSerSerAlaAlaSerIleSer    100105110    PheGlyCysAlaHisSerThrSerThrSerPheSerSerGluAlaSer    115120125    IleSerPheGlyGlyMetProCysThrSerAlaSerPheSerGlyGly    130135140    ValSerSerSerPheSerGlyProLeuSerThrSerAlaThrPheSer    145150155160    GlyGlyAlaSerSerGlyPheGlyGlyThrLeuSerThrThrAlaGly    165170175    PheSerGlyValLeuSerThrSerThrSerPheGlySerAlaProThr    180185190    ThrSerThrValPheSerSerAlaLeuSerThrSerThrGlyPheGly    195200205    GlyIleLeuSerThrSerValCysPheGlyGlySerProSerSerSer    210215220    GlySerPheGlyGlyThrLeuSerThrSerIleCysPheGlyGlySer    225230235240    ProCysThrSerThrGlyPheGlyGlyThrLeuSerThrSerValSer    245250255    PheGlyGlySerSerSerThrSerAlaAsnPheGlyGlyThrLeuSer    260265270    ThrSerIleCysPheAspGlySerProSerThrGlyAlaGlyPheGly    275280285    GlyAlaLeuAsnThrSerAlaSerPheGlySerValLeuAsnThrSer    290295300    ThrGlyPheGlyGlyAlaMetSerThrSerAlaAspPheGlyGlyThr    305310315320    LeuSerThrSerValCysPheGlyGlySerProGlyThrSerValSer    325330335    PheGlySerAlaLeuAsnThrAsnAlaGlyTyrGlyGlyAlaValSer    340345350    ThrAsnThrAspPheGlyGlyThrLeuSerThrSerValCysPheGly    355360365    GlySerProSerThrSerAlaGlyPheGlyGlyAlaLeuAsnThrAsn    370375380    AlaSerPheGlyCysAlaValSerThrSerAlaSerPheSerGlyAla    385390395400    ValSerThrSerAlaCysPheSerGlyAlaProIleThrAsnProGly    405410415    PheGlyGlyAlaPheSerThrSerAlaGlyPheGlyGlyAlaLeuSer    420425430    ThrAlaAlaAspPheGlyGlyThrProSerAsnSerIleGlyPheGly    435440445    AlaAlaProSerThrSerValSerPheGlyGlyAlaHisGlyThrSer    450455460    LeuCysPheGlyGlyAlaProSerThrSerLeuCysPheGlySerAla    465470475480    SerAsnThrAsnLeuCysPheGlyGlyProProSerThrSerAlaCys    485490495    PheSerGlyAlaThrSerProSerPheCysAspGlyProSerThrSer    500505510    ThrGlyPheSerPheGlyAsnGlyLeuSerThrAsnAlaGlyPheGly    515520525    GlyGlyLeuAsnThrSerAlaGlyPheGlyGlyGlyLeuGlyThrSer    530535540    AlaGlyPheSerGlyGlyLeuSerThrSerSerGlyPheAspGlyGly    545550555560    LeuGlyThrSerAlaGlyPheGlyGlyGlyProGlyThrSerThrGly    565570575    PheGlyGlyGlyLeuGlyThrSerAlaGlyPheSerGlyGlyLeuGly    580585590    ThrSerAlaGlyPheGlyGlyGlyLeuValThrSerAspGlyPheGly    595600605    GlyGlyLeuGlyThrAsnAlaSerPheGlySerThrLeuGlyThrSer    610615620    AlaGlyPheSerGlyGlyLeuSerThrSerAspGlyPheGlySerArg    625630635640    ProAsnAlaSerPheAspArgGlyLeuSerThrIleIleGlyPheGly    645650655    SerGlySerAsnThrSerThrGlyPheThrGlyGluProSerThrSer    660665670    ThrGlyPheSerSerGlyProSerSerIleValGlyPheSerGlyGly    675680685    ProSerThrGlyValGlyPheCysSerGlyProSerThrSerGlyPhe    690695700    SerGlyGlyProSerThrGlyAlaGlyPheGlyGlyGlyProAsnThr    705710715720    GlyAlaGlyPheGlyGlyGlyProSerThrSerAlaGlyPheGlySer    725730735    GlyAlaAlaSerLeuGlyAlaCysGlyPheSerTyrGly    740745    (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:3:    (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:    (A) LENGTH: 674 amino acids    (B) TYPE: amino acid    (D) TOPOLOGY: linear    (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:3:    PheSerGlyGlyProGlyIleThrPheGlyValAlaProSerThrSer    151015    AlaSerPheSerAsnThrAlaSerIleSerPheGlyGlyThrLeuSer    202530    ThrSerSerSerPheSerSerAlaAlaSerIleSerPheGlyCysAla    354045    HisSerThrSerThrSerPheSerSerGluAlaSerIleSerPheGly    505560    GlyMetProCysThrSerAlaSerPheSerGlyGlyValSerSerSer    65707580    PheSerGlyProLeuSerThrSerAlaThrPheSerGlyGlyAlaSer    859095    SerGlyPheGlyGlyThrLeuSerThrThrAlaGlyPheSerGlyVal    100105110    LeuSerThrSerThrSerPheGlySerAlaProThrThrSerThrVal    115120125    PheSerSerAlaLeuSerThrSerThrGlyPheGlyGlyIleLeuSer    130135140    ThrSerValCysPheGlyGlySerProSerSerSerGlySerPheGly    145150155160    GlyThrLeuSerThrSerIleCysPheGlyGlySerProCysThrSer    165170175    ThrGlyPheGlyGlyThrLeuSerThrSerValSerPheGlyGlySer    180185190    SerSerThrSerAlaAsnPheGlyGlyThrLeuSerThrSerIleCys    195200205    PheAspGlySerProSerThrGlyAlaGlyPheGlyGlyAlaLeuAsn    210215220    ThrSerAlaSerPheGlySerValLeuAsnThrSerThrGlyPheGly    225230235240    GlyAlaMetSerThrSerAlaAspPheGlyGlyThrLeuSerThrSer    245250255    ValCysPheGlyGlySerProGlyThrSerValSerPheGlySerAla    260265270    LeuAsnThrAsnAlaGlyTyrGlyGlyAlaValSerThrAsnThrAsp    275280285    PheGlyGlyThrLeuSerThrSerValCysPheGlyGlySerProSer    290295300    ThrSerAlaGlyPheGlyGlyAlaLeuAsnThrAsnAlaSerPheGly    305310315320    CysAlaValSerThrSerAlaSerPheSerGlyAlaValSerThrSer    325330335    AlaCysPheSerGlyAlaProIleThrAsnProGlyPheGlyGlyAla    340345350    PheSerThrSerAlaGlyPheGlyGlyAlaLeuSerThrAlaAlaAsp    355360365    PheGlyGlyThrProSerAsnSerIleGlyPheGlyAlaAlaProSer    370375380    ThrSerValSerPheGlyGlyAlaHisGlyThrSerLeuCysPheGly    385390395400    GlyAlaProSerThrSerLeuCysPheGlySerAlaSerAsnThrAsn    405410415    LeuCysPheGlyGlyProProSerThrSerAlaCysPheSerGlyAla    420425430    ThrSerProSerPheCysAspGlyProSerThrSerThrGlyPheSer    435440445    PheGlyAsnGlyLeuSerThrGlyPheGlyGlyGlyLeuAsnThrSer    450455460    AlaGlyPheGlyGlyGlyLeuGlyThrSerAlaGlyPheSerGlyGly    465470475480    LeuSerThrSerSerGlyPheAspGlyGlyLeuGlyThrSerAlaGly    485490495    PheGlyGlyGlyProGlyThrSerThrGlyPheGlyGlyGlyLeuGly    500505510    ThrSerAlaGlyPheSerGlyGlyLeuGlyThrSerAlaGlyPheGly    515520525    GlyGlyLeuValThrSerAspGlyPheGlyGlyGlyLeuGlyThrAsn    530535540    AlaSerPheGlySerThrLeuGlyThrSerAlaGlyPheSerGlyGly    545550555560    LeuSerThrSerAspGlyPheGlySerArgProAsnAlaSerPheAsp    565570575    ArgGlyLeuSerThrIleIleGlyPheGlySerGlySerAsnThrSer    580585590    ThrGlyPheThrGlyGluProSerThrSerThrGlyPheSerSerGly    595600605    ProSerSerIleValGlyPheSerGlyGlyProSerThrGlyGlyPhe    610615620    CysSerGlyProSerThrSerGlyPheSerGlyGlyProSerThrGly    625630635640    AlaGlyPheGlyGlyGlyProAsnThrGlyAlaGlyPheGlyGlyGly    645650655    ProSerThrSerAlaGlyPheGlySerGlyAlaAlaSerLeuGlyAla    660665670    CysGly    (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:4:    (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:    (A) LENGTH: 2577 base pairs    (B) TYPE: nucleic acid    (C) STRANDEDNESS: single    (D) TOPOLOGY: linear    (ix) FEATURE:    (A) NAME/KEY: CDS    (B) LOCATION: 111..2445    (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:4:    CGCCAGGAACAGCTTGAGGTACCTGAGCCCTGCCCTCCAGCAGCACCCGAGAGGGTCAGG60    AGAAAAGCGGAGGAAGCTGGGTAGGCCCTGAGGGGCCTCGGTAAGCCATCATGACC116    MetThr    ACCCGGCAAGCCACGAAGGATCCCCTCCTCCGGGGTGTATCTCCTACC164    ThrArgGlnAlaThrLysAspProLeuLeuArgGlyValSerProThr    51015    CCTAGCAAGATTCCGGTACGCTCTCAGAAACGCACGCCTTTCCCCACT212    ProSerLysIleProValArgSerGlnLysArgThrProPheProThr    202530    GTTACATCGTGCGCCGTGGACCAGGAGAACCAAGATCCAAGGAGATGG260    ValThrSerCysAlaValAspGlnGluAsnGlnAspProArgArgTrp    35404550    GTGCAGAAACCACCGCTCAATATTCAACGCCCCCTCGTTGATTCAGCA308    ValGlnLysProProLeuAsnIleGlnArgProLeuValAspSerAla    556065    GGCCCCAGGCCGAAAGCCAGGCACCAGGCAGAGACATCACAAAGATTG356    GlyProArgProLysAlaArgHisGlnAlaGluThrSerGlnArgLeu    707580    GTGGGGATCAGTCAGCCTCGGAACCCCTTGGAAGAGCTCAGGCCTAGC404    ValGlyIleSerGlnProArgAsnProLeuGluGluLeuArgProSer    859095    CCTAGGGGTCAAAATGTGGGGCCTGGGCCCCCTGCCCAGACAGAGGCT452    ProArgGlyGlnAsnValGlyProGlyProProAlaGlnThrGluAla    100105110    CCAGGGACCATAGAGTTTGTGGCTGACCCTGCAGCCCTGGCCACCATC500    ProGlyThrIleGluPheValAlaAspProAlaAlaLeuAlaThrIle    115120125130    CTGTCAGGTGAGGGTGTGAAGAGCTGTCACCTGGGGCGCCAGCCTAGT548    LeuSerGlyGluGlyValLysSerCysHisLeuGlyArgGlnProSer    135140145    CTGGCTAAAAGAGTACTGGTTCGAGGAAGTCAGGGAGGCACCACCCAG596    LeuAlaLysArgValLeuValArgGlySerGlnGlyGlyThrThrGln    150155160    AGGGTCCAGGGTGTTCGGGCCTCTGCATATTTGGCCCCCAGAACCCCC644    ArgValGlnGlyValArgAlaSerAlaTyrLeuAlaProArgThrPro    165170175    ACCCACCGACTGGACCCTGCCAGGGCTTCCTGCTTCTCTAGGCTGGAG692    ThrHisArgLeuAspProAlaArgAlaSerCysPheSerArgLeuGlu    180185190    GGACCAGGACCTCGAGGCCGGACATTGTGCCCCCAGAGGCTACAGGCT740    GlyProGlyProArgGlyArgThrLeuCysProGlnArgLeuGlnAla    195200205210    CTGATTTCACCTTCAGGACCTTCCTTTCACCCTTCCACTCACCCCAGT788    LeuIleSerProSerGlyProSerPheHisProSerThrHisProSer    215220225    TTCCAGGAGCTAAGAAGGGAGACAGCTGGCAGCAGCCGGACTTCAGTG836    PheGlnGluLeuArgArgGluThrAlaGlySerSerArgThrSerVal    230235240    AGCCAGGCCTCAGGATTGCTCCTGGAGACCCCAGTCCAGCCTGCTTTC884    SerGlnAlaSerGlyLeuLeuLeuGluThrProValGlnProAlaPhe    245250255    TCTCTTCCTAAAGGAGAACGCGAGGTTGTCACTCACTCAGATGAAGGA932    SerLeuProLysGlyGluArgGluValValThrHisSerAspGluGly    260265270    GGTGTGGCCTCTCTTGGTCTGGCCCAGCGAGTACCATTAAGAGAAAAC980    GlyValAlaSerLeuGlyLeuAlaGlnArgValProLeuArgGluAsn    275280285290    CGAGAAATGTCACATACCAGGGACAGCCATGACTCCCACCTGATGCCC1028    ArgGluMetSerHisThrArgAspSerHisAspSerHisLeuMetPro    295300305    TCCCCTGCCCCTGTGGCCCAGCCCTTGCCTGGCCATGTGGTGCCATGT1076    SerProAlaProValAlaGlnProLeuProGlyHisValValProCys    310315320    CCATCACCCTTTGGACGGGCTCAGCGTGTACCCTCCCCAGGCCCTCCA1124    ProSerProPheGlyArgAlaGlnArgValProSerProGlyProPro    325330335    ACTCTGACCTCATATTCAGTGTTGCGGCGTCTCACCGTTCAACCTAAA1172    ThrLeuThrSerTyrSerValLeuArgArgLeuThrValGlnProLys    340345350    ACCCGGTTCACACCCATGCCATCAACCCCCAGAGTTCAGCAGGCCCAG1220    ThrArgPheThrProMetProSerThrProArgValGlnGlnAlaGln    355360365370    TGGCTGCGTGGTGTCTCCCCTCAGTCCTGCTCTGAAGATCCTGCCCTG1268    TrpLeuArgGlyValSerProGlnSerCysSerGluAspProAlaLeu    375380385    CCCTGGGAGCAGGTTGCCGTCCGGTTGTTTGACCAGGAGAGTTGTATA1316    ProTrpGluGlnValAlaValArgLeuPheAspGlnGluSerCysIle    390395400    AGGTCACTGGAGGGTTCTGGGAAACCACCGGTGGCCACTCCTTCTGGA1364    ArgSerLeuGluGlySerGlyLysProProValAlaThrProSerGly    405410415    CCCCACTCTAACAGAACCCCCAGCCTCCAGGAGGTGAAGATTCAACGC1412    ProHisSerAsnArgThrProSerLeuGlnGluValLysIleGlnArg    420425430    ATCGGTATCCTGCAACAGCTGTTGAGACAGGAAGTAGAGGGGCTGGTA1460    IleGlyIleLeuGlnGlnLeuLeuArgGlnGluValGluGlyLeuVal    435440445450    GGGGGCCAGTGTGTCCCTCTTAATGGAGGCTCTTCTCTGGATATGGTT1508    GlyGlyGlnCysValProLeuAsnGlyGlySerSerLeuAspMetVal    455460465    GAACTTCAGCCCCTGCTGACTGAGATTTCTAGAACTCTGAATGCCACA1556    GluLeuGlnProLeuLeuThrGluIleSerArgThrLeuAsnAlaThr    470475480    GAGCATAACTCTGGGACTTCCCACCTTCCTGGACTGTTAAAACACTCA1604    GluHisAsnSerGlyThrSerHisLeuProGlyLeuLeuLysHisSer    485490495    GGGCTGCCAAAGCCCTGTCTTCCAGAGGAGTGCGGGGAACCACAGCCC1652    GlyLeuProLysProCysLeuProGluGluCysGlyGluProGlnPro    500505510    TGCCCTCCGGCAGAGCCTGGGCCCCCAGAGGCCTTCTGTAGGAGTGAG1700    CysProProAlaGluProGlyProProGluAlaPheCysArgSerGlu    515520525530    CCTGAGATACCAGAGCCCTCCCTCCAGGAACAGCTTGAAGTACCAGAG1748    ProGluIleProGluProSerLeuGlnGluGlnLeuGluValProGlu    535540545    CCCTACCCTCCAGCAGAACCCAGGCCCCTAGAGTCCTGCTGTAGGAGT1796    ProTyrProProAlaGluProArgProLeuGluSerCysCysArgSer    550555560    GAGCCTGAGATACCGGAGTCCTCTCGCCAGGAACAGCTTGAGGTACCT1844    GluProGluIleProGluSerSerArgGlnGluGlnLeuGluValPro    565570575    GAGCCCTGCCCTCCAGCAGAACCCAGGCCCCTAGAGTCCTACTGTAGG1892    GluProCysProProAlaGluProArgProLeuGluSerTyrCysArg    580585590    ATTGAGCCTGAGATACCGGAGTCCTCTCGCCAGGAACAGCTTGAGGTA1940    IleGluProGluIleProGluSerSerArgGlnGluGlnLeuGluVal    595600605610    CCTGAGCCCTGCCCTCCAGCAGAACCCGGGCCCCTTCAGCCCAGCACC1988    ProGluProCysProProAlaGluProGlyProLeuGlnProSerThr    615620625    CAGGGGCAGTCTGGACCCCCAGGGCCCTGCCCTAGGGTAGAGCTGGGG2036    GlnGlyGlnSerGlyProProGlyProCysProArgValGluLeuGly    630635640    GCATCAGAGCCCTGCACCCTGGAACATAGAAGTCTAGAGTCCAGTCTA2084    AlaSerGluProCysThrLeuGluHisArgSerLeuGluSerSerLeu    645650655    CCACCCTGCTGCAGTCAGTGGGCTCCAGCAACCACCAGCCTGATCTTC2132    ProProCysCysSerGlnTrpAlaProAlaThrThrSerLeuIlePhe    660665670    TCTTCCCAACACCCGCTTTGTGCCAGCCCCCCTATCTGCTCACTCCAG2180    SerSerGlnHisProLeuCysAlaSerProProIleCysSerLeuGln    675680685690    TCTTTGAGACCCCCAGCAGGCCAGGCAGGCCTCAGCAATCTGGCCCCT2228    SerLeuArgProProAlaGlyGlnAlaGlyLeuSerAsnLeuAlaPro    695700705    CGAACCCTAGCCCTGAGGGAGAGCCTCAAATCGTGTTTAACCGCCATC2276    ArgThrLeuAlaLeuArgGluSerLeuLysSerCysLeuThrAlaIle    710715720    CACTGCTTCCACGAGGCTCGTCTGGACGATGAGTGTGCCTTTTACACC2324    HisCysPheHisGluAlaArgLeuAspAspGluCysAlaPheTyrThr    725730735    AGCCGAGCCTCTCCCTCAGGCCCCACCCGGGTCTGCACCAACCCTGTG2372    SerArgAlaSerProSerGlyProThrArgValCysThrAsnProVal    740745750    GCTACATTACTCGAATGGCAGGATGCCCTGTGTTTCATTCCAGTTGGT2420    AlaThrLeuLeuGluTrpGlnAspAlaLeuCysPheIleProValGly    755760765770    TCTGCTGCCCCCCAGGGCTCTCCATGATGAGACAACCACTCCTGC2465    SerAlaAlaProGlnGlySerPro    775    CCTGCCGTACTTCTTCCTTTTAGCCCTTATTTATTGTCGGTCTGCCCATGGGACTGGGAG2525    CCGCCCACTTTTGTCCTCAATAAAGTTTCTAAAGTAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA2577    (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:5:    (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:    (A) LENGTH: 778 amino acids    (B) TYPE: amino acid    (D) TOPOLOGY: linear    (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: protein    (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:5:    MetThrThrArgGlnAlaThrLysAspProLeuLeuArgGlyValSer    151015    ProThrProSerLysIleProValArgSerGlnLysArgThrProPhe    202530    ProThrValThrSerCysAlaValAspGlnGluAsnGlnAspProArg    354045    ArgTrpValGlnLysProProLeuAsnIleGlnArgProLeuValAsp    505560    SerAlaGlyProArgProLysAlaArgHisGlnAlaGluThrSerGln    65707580    ArgLeuValGlyIleSerGlnProArgAsnProLeuGluGluLeuArg    859095    ProSerProArgGlyGlnAsnValGlyProGlyProProAlaGlnThr    100105110    GluAlaProGlyThrIleGluPheValAlaAspProAlaAlaLeuAla    115120125    ThrIleLeuSerGlyGluGlyValLysSerCysHisLeuGlyArgGln    130135140    ProSerLeuAlaLysArgValLeuValArgGlySerGlnGlyGlyThr    145150155160    ThrGlnArgValGlnGlyValArgAlaSerAlaTyrLeuAlaProArg    165170175    ThrProThrHisArgLeuAspProAlaArgAlaSerCysPheSerArg    180185190    LeuGluGlyProGlyProArgGlyArgThrLeuCysProGlnArgLeu    195200205    GlnAlaLeuIleSerProSerGlyProSerPheHisProSerThrHis    210215220    ProSerPheGlnGluLeuArgArgGluThrAlaGlySerSerArgThr    225230235240    SerValSerGlnAlaSerGlyLeuLeuLeuGluThrProValGlnPro    245250255    AlaPheSerLeuProLysGlyGluArgGluValValThrHisSerAsp    260265270    GluGlyGlyValAlaSerLeuGlyLeuAlaGlnArgValProLeuArg    275280285    GluAsnArgGluMetSerHisThrArgAspSerHisAspSerHisLeu    290295300    MetProSerProAlaProValAlaGlnProLeuProGlyHisValVal    305310315320    ProCysProSerProPheGlyArgAlaGlnArgValProSerProGly    325330335    ProProThrLeuThrSerTyrSerValLeuArgArgLeuThrValGln    340345350    ProLysThrArgPheThrProMetProSerThrProArgValGlnGln    355360365    AlaGlnTrpLeuArgGlyValSerProGlnSerCysSerGluAspPro    370375380    AlaLeuProTrpGluGlnValAlaValArgLeuPheAspGlnGluSer    385390395400    CysIleArgSerLeuGluGlySerGlyLysProProValAlaThrPro    405410415    SerGlyProHisSerAsnArgThrProSerLeuGlnGluValLysIle    420425430    GlnArgIleGlyIleLeuGlnGlnLeuLeuArgGlnGluValGluGly    435440445    LeuValGlyGlyGlnCysValProLeuAsnGlyGlySerSerLeuAsp    450455460    MetValGluLeuGlnProLeuLeuThrGluIleSerArgThrLeuAsn    465470475480    AlaThrGluHisAsnSerGlyThrSerHisLeuProGlyLeuLeuLys    485490495    HisSerGlyLeuProLysProCysLeuProGluGluCysGlyGluPro    500505510    GlnProCysProProAlaGluProGlyProProGluAlaPheCysArg    515520525    SerGluProGluIleProGluProSerLeuGlnGluGlnLeuGluVal    530535540    ProGluProTyrProProAlaGluProArgProLeuGluSerCysCys    545550555560    ArgSerGluProGluIleProGluSerSerArgGlnGluGlnLeuGlu    565570575    ValProGluProCysProProAlaGluProArgProLeuGluSerTyr    580585590    CysArgIleGluProGluIleProGluSerSerArgGlnGluGlnLeu    595600605    GluValProGluProCysProProAlaGluProGlyProLeuGlnPro    610615620    SerThrGlnGlyGlnSerGlyProProGlyProCysProArgValGlu    625630635640    LeuGlyAlaSerGluProCysThrLeuGluHisArgSerLeuGluSer    645650655    SerLeuProProCysCysSerGlnTrpAlaProAlaThrThrSerLeu    660665670    IlePheSerSerGlnHisProLeuCysAlaSerProProIleCysSer    675680685    LeuGlnSerLeuArgProProAlaGlyGlnAlaGlyLeuSerAsnLeu    690695700    AlaProArgThrLeuAlaLeuArgGluSerLeuLysSerCysLeuThr    705710715720    AlaIleHisCysPheHisGluAlaArgLeuAspAspGluCysAlaPhe    725730735    TyrThrSerArgAlaSerProSerGlyProThrArgValCysThrAsn    740745750    ProValAlaThrLeuLeuGluTrpGlnAspAlaLeuCysPheIlePro    755760765    ValGlySerAlaAlaProGlnGlySerPro    770775    (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:6:    (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:    (A) LENGTH: 1293 base pairs    (B) TYPE: nucleic acid    (C) STRANDEDNESS: single    (D) TOPOLOGY: linear    (ix) FEATURE:    (A) NAME/KEY: CDS    (B) LOCATION: 70..988    (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:6:    AATTCGCGTGCCATAGAGATGTTCATGAACAAGAACCCTCCTGCCAGGCGCACCCTGGCT60    GACATCATCATGGAGAAGCTGACTGAGAAGCAGACAGAGGTTGAGACA108    MetGluLysLeuThrGluLysGlnThrGluValGluThr    1510    GTCATGTCAGAGGTGTCGGGCTTCCCTATGCCCCAGCTGGACCCCCGG156    ValMetSerGluValSerGlyPheProMetProGlnLeuAspProArg    152025    GTCCTAGAAGTGTACAGGGGGGTCCGGGAGGTATTATCTAAGTACCGC204    ValLeuGluValTyrArgGlyValArgGluValLeuSerLysTyrArg    30354045    AGTGGAAAACTGCCCAAGGCATTTAAGATCATCCCTGCACTCTCCAAC252    SerGlyLysLeuProLysAlaPheLysIleIleProAlaLeuSerAsn    505560    TGGGAGCAAATCCTCTACGTCACAGAGCCGGAGGCCTGGACTGCAGCT300    TrpGluGlnIleLeuTyrValThrGluProGluAlaTrpThrAlaAla    657075    GCCATGTACCAGGCCACCAGGATTTTTGCCTCTAACCTGAAGGAACGC348    AlaMetTyrGlnAlaThrArgIlePheAlaSerAsnLeuLysGluArg    808590    ATGGCCCAGCGCTTCTACAACCTTGTCCTGCTCCCTCGAGTACGAGAT396    MetAlaGlnArgPheTyrAsnLeuValLeuLeuProArgValArgAsp    95100105    GACGTTGGTGAATACAAACGACTCAACTTCCATCTCTACATGGCTCTC444    AspValGlyGluTyrLysArgLeuAsnPheHisLeuTyrMetAlaLeu    110115120125    AAGAAGGCCCTTTTCAAACCTGGAGCCTGGTTCAAAGGGATCCTGATT492    LysLysAlaLeuPheLysProGlyAlaTrpPheLysGlyIleLeuIle    130135140    CCACTGTGCGAGTCTGGCACTTGTACCCTCCGGGAAGCCATCATTGTG540    ProLeuCysGluSerGlyThrCysThrLeuArgGluAlaIleIleVal    145150155    GGTAGCATCATCACCAAGTGCTCCATCCCTGTGTTGCACTCCAGTGCG588    GlySerIleIleThrLysCysSerIleProValLeuHisSerSerAla    160165170    GCCATGCTGAAAATTGCTGAGATGGAATACAGCGGTGCCAACAGCATC636    AlaMetLeuLysIleAlaGluMetGluTyrSerGlyAlaAsnSerIle    175180185    TTCCTGCGACTGCTGCTGGATAAGAAGTATGCACTGCCTTACCGGGTG684    PheLeuArgLeuLeuLeuAspLysLysTyrAlaLeuProTyrArgVal    190195200205    CTGGATGCCCTAGTCTTCCACTTCCTGGGGTTCCGGACAGAGAAGCGT732    LeuAspAlaLeuValPheHisPheLeuGlyPheArgThrGluLysArg    210215220    GAACTGCCTGTGCTGTGGCACCAGTGCCTCCTGACTTTGGTCCAGCGC780    GluLeuProValLeuTrpHisGlnCysLeuLeuThrLeuValGlnArg    225230235    TACAAGGCCGACTTGGCCACAGACCAGAAAGAGGCCCTCTTAGAACTG828    TyrLysAlaAspLeuAlaThrAspGlnLysGluAlaLeuLeuGluLeu    240245250    CTCCGGCTGCAGCCCCATCCACAGCTATCGCCCGAAATCAGGCGTGAG876    LeuArgLeuGlnProHisProGlnLeuSerProGluIleArgArgGlu    255260265    CTTCAGAGTGCAGCCCCCGCATGTGGAAGATGTTCCCATCACCGTGGA924    LeuGlnSerAlaAlaProAlaCysGlyArgCysSerHisHisArgGly    270275280285    GTGAGGAAAACAGTCAGCTTGTCCTGGCCAAAGGGGTTTGGAAGGACA972    ValArgLysThrValSerLeuSerTrpProLysGlyPheGlyArgThr    290295300    CCAAGACCCCGTTGGTGACTGAAGATGACACTGAGCTTTAATGGCTGAAGACCCAG1028    ProArgProArgTrp    305    ATCAGGGCAGTGACCAGATCACAGGGACATCTGTGGCTCCCAGTCCAGGACAGGAAGGAC1088    TGAGGGTCTGGCTGGTTCCCTCTTCCATTCTAGGCCCTTATCCCTGTTTAGTTCTGAGAG1148    CCAACTTGAGATACCATATGCTAGCATTCCCAGTCCCCAGCTGGGGCTTGGTGTGAGTAC1208    TTTTTCTATGGCTATTGTGTCAGGTCACTGTGGATAAAGGCAAAGACAGATATTTATTGA1268    AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA1293    (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:7:    (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:    (A) LENGTH: 306 amino acids    (B) TYPE: amino acid    (D) TOPOLOGY: linear    (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: protein    (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:7:    MetGluLysLeuThrGluLysGlnThrGluValGluThrValMetSer    151015    GluValSerGlyPheProMetProGlnLeuAspProArgValLeuGlu    202530    ValTyrArgGlyValArgGluValLeuSerLysTyrArgSerGlyLys    354045    LeuProLysAlaPheLysIleIleProAlaLeuSerAsnTrpGluGln    505560    IleLeuTyrValThrGluProGluAlaTrpThrAlaAlaAlaMetTyr    65707580    GlnAlaThrArgIlePheAlaSerAsnLeuLysGluArgMetAlaGln    859095    ArgPheTyrAsnLeuValLeuLeuProArgValArgAspAspValGly    100105110    GluTyrLysArgLeuAsnPheHisLeuTyrMetAlaLeuLysLysAla    115120125    LeuPheLysProGlyAlaTrpPheLysGlyIleLeuIleProLeuCys    130135140    GluSerGlyThrCysThrLeuArgGluAlaIleIleValGlySerIle    145150155160    IleThrLysCysSerIleProValLeuHisSerSerAlaAlaMetLeu    165170175    LysIleAlaGluMetGluTyrSerGlyAlaAsnSerIlePheLeuArg    180185190    LeuLeuLeuAspLysLysTyrAlaLeuProTyrArgValLeuAspAla    195200205    LeuValPheHisPheLeuGlyPheArgThrGluLysArgGluLeuPro    210215220    ValLeuTrpHisGlnCysLeuLeuThrLeuValGlnArgTyrLysAla    225230235240    AspLeuAlaThrAspGlnLysGluAlaLeuLeuGluLeuLeuArgLeu    245250255    GlnProHisProGlnLeuSerProGluIleArgArgGluLeuGlnSer    260265270    AlaAlaProAlaCysGlyArgCysSerHisHisArgGlyValArgLys    275280285    ThrValSerLeuSerTrpProLysGlyPheGlyArgThrProArgPro    290295300    ArgTrp    305    (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:8:    (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:    (A) LENGTH: 2223 base pairs    (B) TYPE: nucleic acid    (C) STRANDEDNESS: single    (D) TOPOLOGY: linear    (ix) FEATURE:    (A) NAME/KEY: CDS    (B) LOCATION: 199..2223    (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:8:    CACCTCTGTCGTTCCCCAGTGTTCCACAAGAAGAAACCTTACGTCAGGCCCCTGCTGGAC60    TCCCCCGAGAAACTCTGTTCCAATCCCGCGTTCTTCCTCCCAAAGAAATTCCTTCTTTGT120    CTCCCACCATTCCCCGTCAAGGCTCCCTGCCCCAAACTTCCAGTGCTCCCAAGCAAGAGA180    CTTCTGGCTGGATGCCACATGTGCTCCAGAAGGGACCCTCACTCCTGTGTT231    MetCysSerArgArgAspProHisSerCysVal    1510    CTGCCGCTTCTGAGCAAGAGACTTCTCTCCAGGGCCCCCTGGCTTCCC279    LeuProLeuLeuSerLysArgLeuLeuSerArgAlaProTrpLeuPro    152025    AGGAAGGGACCCAGTATCCACCCCCAGCTGGTGGTGAACAAGAAGCCT327    ArgLysGlyProSerIleHisProGlnLeuValValAsnLysLysPro    303540    CCCTTCTCTCCCACTCCCCCCACCACCAGGAAGCCCCCGCTCACTCCC375    ProPheSerProThrProProThrThrArgLysProProLeuThrPro    455055    CTGAAGCTCCTGAGAAAGACCCCTGACCCTTCCCCAACAGTTCCCGAG423    LeuLysLeuLeuArgLysThrProAspProSerProThrValProGlu    60657075    ACTGACATGGACCCGCTGCTCCAGAGCCCGGTTTCCCAAAAGGACACC471    ThrAspMetAspProLeuLeuGlnSerProValSerGlnLysAspThr    808590    CCTTTCCAGATCTCTTCTGGAGTCCAGAAGGAACAGCCGCTCCCCACG519    ProPheGlnIleSerSerGlyValGlnLysGluGlnProLeuProThr    95100105    GGAGAGATCACCCGCTTGGGTGTGTGGGCTGCCGTCCAAGCAGTGGAG567    GlyGluIleThrArgLeuGlyValTrpAlaAlaValGlnAlaValGlu    110115120    AGGAAGCTGGAGGCCCAGGCCATGAGGCTACTGACCCTGGAAGGCAGG615    ArgLysLeuGluAlaGlnAlaMetArgLeuLeuThrLeuGluGlyArg    125130135    ACGGGGACAAATGAAAAGAAGATAGCCGACTGCGAGAAGACAGCCGTG663    ThrGlyThrAsnGluLysLysIleAlaAspCysGluLysThrAlaVal    140145150155    GAGTTCGCGAACCATCTGGAGAGCAAGTGGGTCGTGTTGGGGACCCTG711    GluPheAlaAsnHisLeuGluSerLysTrpValValLeuGlyThrLeu    160165170    CTGCAGGAGTATGGGCTGCAGCAGAGGCGGCTGGAGAACATGGAGAAC759    LeuGlnGluTyrGlyLeuGlnGlnArgArgLeuGluAsnMetGluAsn    175180185    CTGCTGAAAAACAGAAATTTCTGGATCCTGCGGCTGCCCCCCGGCAGC807    LeuLeuLysAsnArgAsnPheTrpIleLeuArgLeuProProGlySer    190195200    AATGGAGAAGTTCCCAAGGTCCCTGTCACATTTGATGATGTTGCTGTG855    AsnGlyGluValProLysValProValThrPheAspAspValAlaVal    205210215    CACTTCTCGGAGCAGGAGTGGGGAAACCTGTCTGAGTGGCAGAAGGAG903    HisPheSerGluGlnGluTrpGlyAsnLeuSerGluTrpGlnLysGlu    220225230235    CTCTACAAGAACGTGATGAGGGGCAACTACGAGTCCCTGGTTTCCATG951    LeuTyrLysAsnValMetArgGlyAsnTyrGluSerLeuValSerMet    240245250    GACTATGCAATTTCCAAACCAGACCTCATGTCACAGATGGAGCGCGGG999    AspTyrAlaIleSerLysProAspLeuMetSerGlnMetGluArgGly    255260265    GAGCGGCCCACCATGCAGGAGCAGGAAGACTCTGAGGAGGGCGAAACG1047    GluArgProThrMetGlnGluGlnGluAspSerGluGluGlyGluThr    270275280    CCGACAGATCCCAGTGCTGCGCACGATGGGATCGTGATTAAGATCGAG1095    ProThrAspProSerAlaAlaHisAspGlyIleValIleLysIleGlu    285290295    GTACAGACCAACGACGAGGGCTCAGAAAGTTTGGAGACACCTGAGCCC1143    ValGlnThrAsnAspGluGlySerGluSerLeuGluThrProGluPro    300305310315    CTGATGGGACAGGTGGAAGAGCACGGCTTCCAGGACTCAGAGCTGGGT1191    LeuMetGlyGlnValGluGluHisGlyPheGlnAspSerGluLeuGly    320325330    GANCCCTGTGGGGAACAGCCAGACCTGGACATGCAGGAGCCAGAGAAC1239    XaaProCysGlyGluGlnProAspLeuAspMetGlnGluProGluAsn    335340345    ACGCTGGAGGAGTCCACGGAAGGCTCCAGCGAGTTCAGCGAACTGAAG1287    ThrLeuGluGluSerThrGluGlySerSerGluPheSerGluLeuLys    350355360    CAGATGCTGGTGCAGCAGAGGAACTGCACGGAGGGGATCGTGATCAAG1335    GlnMetLeuValGlnGlnArgAsnCysThrGluGlyIleValIleLys    365370375    ACAGAGGAACAAGACGAGGAGGAAGAAGAGGAGGAGGAGGATGAGCTG1383    ThrGluGluGlnAspGluGluGluGluGluGluGluGluAspGluLeu    380385390395    CCGCAGCACTTGCAATCCCTTGGGCAGCTGTCCGGGAGATATGAGGCC1431    ProGlnHisLeuGlnSerLeuGlyGlnLeuSerGlyArgTyrGluAla    400405410    AGTATGTACCAGACCCCGCTGCCCGGGGAGATGTCCCCCGAGGGCGAG1479    SerMetTyrGlnThrProLeuProGlyGluMetSerProGluGlyGlu    415420425    GAGAGCCCCCCGCCCCTGCAGGTTGGAAACCCCGCAGTGAAAAGGCTG1527    GluSerProProProLeuGlnValGlyAsnProAlaValLysArgLeu    430435440    GCGCCCTCCGTGCACGGTGAGCGGGACCTGAGCGAGAACCGCGGGGGC1575    AlaProSerValHisGlyGluArgAspLeuSerGluAsnArgGlyGly    445450455    TCGAGCCAGCAGAGTGGGAACCGGCGCGGCGAGCGGCCCTTCACATGC1623    SerSerGlnGlnSerGlyAsnArgArgGlyGluArgProPheThrCys    460465470475    ATGGAGTGCGGCAAGAGCTTCCGCCTGAAGATCAACCTCATCATCCAC1671    MetGluCysGlyLysSerPheArgLeuLysIleAsnLeuIleIleHis    480485490    CACCAGCGCAACCAACATCAAGGAGGGGGCCCTACGAGTGCGCCGAAT1719    HisGlnArgAsnGlnHisGlnGlyGlyGlyProThrSerAlaProAsn    495500505    GTGAGATCAGCTTTCCGGCACAAGCAACAGCTCACGCTGCACCAGCGC1767    ValArgSerAlaPheArgHisLysGlnGlnLeuThrLeuHisGlnArg    510515520    ATCCACCGCGTGCGCGGAGGCTGCGTCTCACCCGAACGCGGGCCCACG1815    IleHisArgValArgGlyGlyCysValSerProGluArgGlyProThr    525530535    TTCAACCCCAAGNACGCGCTCAAGCCGCGTCCCAAGTCACCCAGCTCT1863    PheAsnProLysXaaAlaLeuLysProArgProLysSerProSerSer    540545550555    GGTAGCGGCGGCGGTGGCCCTAAGCCCTACAAGTGCCCCGAGTGCGAC1911    GlySerGlyGlyGlyGlyProLysProTyrLysCysProGluCysAsp    560565570    AGCAGCTTCAGCCACAAGTCCAGCCTGACTAAACACCAGATCACGCAC1959    SerSerPheSerHisLysSerSerLeuThrLysHisGlnIleThrHis    575580585    ACGGGTGAGCGGCCCTACACGTGCCCCGAGTGCAAGAAGAGCTTCCGC2007    ThrGlyGluArgProTyrThrCysProGluCysLysLysSerPheArg    590595600    CTGCACATCAGCTTGGTGATCCATCAGCGCGTGCACGCGGGCAAGCAT2055    LeuHisIleSerLeuValIleHisGlnArgValHisAlaGlyLysHis    605610615    GAGGTCTCCTTCATCTGCAGCCTGTGCGGCAAGAGCTTCAGCCGCCCC2103    GluValSerPheIleCysSerLeuCysGlyLysSerPheSerArgPro    620625630635    TCGCACCTGCTGCGCCACCAGCGGACTCACACAGGCGAGCGGCCCTTC2151    SerHisLeuLeuArgHisGlnArgThrHisThrGlyGluArgProPhe    640645650    AAGTGCCCCGAGTGCGAGAAGAGCTTCAGCGAGAAGTCCAAGCTCACC2199    LysCysProGluCysGluLysSerPheSerGluLysSerLysLeuThr    655660665    AACCACTGCCGCGTGCACTCGCGC2223    AsnHisCysArgValHisSerArg    670675    (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:9:    (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:    (A) LENGTH: 675 amino acids    (B) TYPE: amino acid    (D) TOPOLOGY: linear    (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: protein    (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:9:    MetCysSerArgArgAspProHisSerCysValLeuProLeuLeuSer    151015    LysArgLeuLeuSerArgAlaProTrpLeuProArgLysGlyProSer    202530    IleHisProGlnLeuValValAsnLysLysProProPheSerProThr    354045    ProProThrThrArgLysProProLeuThrProLeuLysLeuLeuArg    505560    LysThrProAspProSerProThrValProGluThrAspMetAspPro    65707580    LeuLeuGlnSerProValSerGlnLysAspThrProPheGlnIleSer    859095    SerGlyValGlnLysGluGlnProLeuProThrGlyGluIleThrArg    100105110    LeuGlyValTrpAlaAlaValGlnAlaValGluArgLysLeuGluAla    115120125    GlnAlaMetArgLeuLeuThrLeuGluGlyArgThrGlyThrAsnGlu    130135140    LysLysIleAlaAspCysGluLysThrAlaValGluPheAlaAsnHis    145150155160    LeuGluSerLysTrpValValLeuGlyThrLeuLeuGlnGluTyrGly    165170175    LeuGlnGlnArgArgLeuGluAsnMetGluAsnLeuLeuLysAsnArg    180185190    AsnPheTrpIleLeuArgLeuProProGlySerAsnGlyGluValPro    195200205    LysValProValThrPheAspAspValAlaValHisPheSerGluGln    210215220    GluTrpGlyAsnLeuSerGluTrpGlnLysGluLeuTyrLysAsnVal    225230235240    MetArgGlyAsnTyrGluSerLeuValSerMetAspTyrAlaIleSer    245250255    LysProAspLeuMetSerGlnMetGluArgGlyGluArgProThrMet    260265270    GlnGluGlnGluAspSerGluGluGlyGluThrProThrAspProSer    275280285    AlaAlaHisAspGlyIleValIleLysIleGluValGlnThrAsnAsp    290295300    GluGlySerGluSerLeuGluThrProGluProLeuMetGlyGlnVal    305310315320    GluGluHisGlyPheGlnAspSerGluLeuGlyXaaProCysGlyGlu    325330335    GlnProAspLeuAspMetGlnGluProGluAsnThrLeuGluGluSer    340345350    ThrGluGlySerSerGluPheSerGluLeuLysGlnMetLeuValGln    355360365    GlnArgAsnCysThrGluGlyIleValIleLysThrGluGluGlnAsp    370375380    GluGluGluGluGluGluGluGluAspGluLeuProGlnHisLeuGln    385390395400    SerLeuGlyGlnLeuSerGlyArgTyrGluAlaSerMetTyrGlnThr    405410415    ProLeuProGlyGluMetSerProGluGlyGluGluSerProProPro    420425430    LeuGlnValGlyAsnProAlaValLysArgLeuAlaProSerValHis    435440445    GlyGluArgAspLeuSerGluAsnArgGlyGlySerSerGlnGlnSer    450455460    GlyAsnArgArgGlyGluArgProPheThrCysMetGluCysGlyLys    465470475480    SerPheArgLeuLysIleAsnLeuIleIleHisHisGlnArgAsnGln    485490495    HisGlnGlyGlyGlyProThrSerAlaProAsnValArgSerAlaPhe    500505510    ArgHisLysGlnGlnLeuThrLeuHisGlnArgIleHisArgValArg    515520525    GlyGlyCysValSerProGluArgGlyProThrPheAsnProLysXaa    530535540    AlaLeuLysProArgProLysSerProSerSerGlySerGlyGlyGly    545550555560    GlyProLysProTyrLysCysProGluCysAspSerSerPheSerHis    565570575    LysSerSerLeuThrLysHisGlnIleThrHisThrGlyGluArgPro    580585590    TyrThrCysProGluCysLysLysSerPheArgLeuHisIleSerLeu    595600605    ValIleHisGlnArgValHisAlaGlyLysHisGluValSerPheIle    610615620    CysSerLeuCysGlyLysSerPheSerArgProSerHisLeuLeuArg    625630635640    HisGlnArgThrHisThrGlyGluArgProPheLysCysProGluCys    645650655    GluLysSerPheSerGluLysSerLysLeuThrAsnHisCysArgVal    660665670    HisSerArg    675    (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:10:    (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:    (A) LENGTH: 9 amino acids    (B) TYPE: amino acid    (D) TOPOLOGY: linear    (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:10:    PheGluIleGluAlaArgAlaGlnGlu    15    (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:11:    (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:    (A) LENGTH: 9 amino acids    (B) TYPE: amino acid    (D) TOPOLOGY: linear    (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:11:    AspGlnGluAsnGlnAspProArgArg    15    (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:12:    (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:    (A) LENGTH: 30 base pairs    (B) TYPE: nucleic acid    (C) STRANDEDNESS: single    (D) TOPOLOGY: linear    (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:12:    GGAATTCATGAGCGATGGCTTTGGCAGTAG30    (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:13:    (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:    (A) LENGTH: 33 base pairs    (B) TYPE: nucleic acid    (C) STRANDEDNESS: single    (D) TOPOLOGY: linear    (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:13:    CGTCGACTCAGTTTGGTCCACCGCCGAAGCCAG33    (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:14:    (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:    (A) LENGTH: 32 base pairs    (B) TYPE: nucleic acid    (C) STRANDEDNESS: single    (D) TOPOLOGY: linear    (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:14:    GGAATTCATGGATGGCTCTCCCAGCACTGGTG32    (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:15:    (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:    (A) LENGTH: 31 base pairs    (B) TYPE: nucleic acid    (C) STRANDEDNESS: single    (D) TOPOLOGY: linear    (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:15:    GCAGCTGAGTGCTGGTGCTTAGTGTACCACC31    (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:16:    (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:    (A) LENGTH: 28 base pairs    (B) TYPE: nucleic acid    (C) STRANDEDNESS: single    (D) TOPOLOGY: linear    (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:16:    GGAATTCATGCCCAGCAACAGCATTGGC28    (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:17:    (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:    (A) LENGTH: 36 base pairs    (B) TYPE: nucleic acid    (C) STRANDEDNESS: single    (D) TOPOLOGY: linear    (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:17:    GCAGCTGAGTACTGGTGCTGGGTCCATCACAAAAAC36    (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:18:    (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:    (A) LENGTH: 25 base pairs    (B) TYPE: nucleic acid    (C) STRANDEDNESS: single    (D) TOPOLOGY: linear    (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:18:    GGAATTCATGGATATCGACTGCCTA25    (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:19:    (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:    (A) LENGTH: 29 base pairs    (B) TYPE: nucleic acid    (C) STRANDEDNESS: single    (D) TOPOLOGY: linear    (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:19:    GCAGCTGAGTCTGGAGCTGGGTGCACCAT29    (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:20:    (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:    (A) LENGTH: 87 amino acids    (B) TYPE: amino acid    (D) TOPOLOGY: linear    (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:20:    AspGlySerProSerThrGlyAlaGlyPheGlyGlyAlaLeuAsnThr    151015    SerAlaSerPheGlySerValLeuAsnThrSerThrGlyPheGlyGly    202530    AlaMetSerThrSerAlaAspPheGlyGlyThrLeuSerThrSerVal    354045    CysPheGlyGlySerProGlyThrSerValSerPheGlySerAlaLeu    505560    AsnThrAsnAlaGlyTyrGlyGlyAlaValSerThrAsnThrAspPhe    65707580    GlyGlyThrLeuSerThrSer    85    (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:21:    (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:    (A) LENGTH: 72 amino acids    (B) TYPE: amino acid    (D) TOPOLOGY: linear    (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:21:    ProSerAsnSerIleGlyPheGlyAlaAlaProSerThrSerValSer    151015    PheGlyGlyAlaHisGlyThrSerLeuCysPheGlyGlyAlaProSer    202530    ThrSerLeuCysPheGlySerAlaSerAsnThrAsnLeuCysPheGly    354045    GlyProProSerThrSerAlaCysPheSerGlyAlaThrSerProSer    505560    PheCysAspGlyProSerThrSer    6570    (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:22:    (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:    (A) LENGTH: 86 amino acids    (B) TYPE: amino acid    (D) TOPOLOGY: linear    (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:22:    SerAspGlyPheGlySerArgProAsnAlaSerPheAspArgGlyLeu    151015    SerThrIleIleGlyPheGlySerGlySerAsnThrSerThrGlyPhe    202530    ThrGlyGluProSerThrSerThrGlyPheSerSerGlyProSerSer    354045    IleValGlyPheSerGlyGlyProSerThrGlyValGlyPheCysSer    505560    GlyProSerThrSerGlyPheSerGlyGlyProSerThrGlyAlaGly    65707580    PheGlyGlyGlyProAsn    85    __________________________________________________________________________

I claim:
 1. A method for reducing or inhibiting trophinin-mediated celladhesion, comprising contacting a trophinin-expressing cell with aneffective amount of an anti-trophinin antibody and thereby reducing orinhibiting the trophinin-mediated cell adhesion.
 2. A method forreducing or inhibiting trophinin-mediated cell adhesion, comprisingcontacting a trophinin-expressing cell with an effective amount of ananti-trophinin-assisting protein antibody and thereby reducing orinhibiting the trophinin-mediated cell adhesion.
 3. A method forreducing or inhibiting trophinin-mediated cell adhesion, comprisingcontacting a trophinin-expressing cell with an effective amount of anactive fragment trophinin antagonist having a partial sequence of atrophinin and thereby reducing or inhibiting the trophinin-mediated celladhesion.
 4. A method for increasing trophinin-mediated cell adhesion,comprising contacting a trophinin-expressing cell with an effectiveamount of a trophinin-assisting protein and thereby increasingtrophinin-mediated cell adhesion.
 5. The method of claim 4, wherein thetrophinin-assisting protein is selected from the group consisting oftastin, bystin and lastin.
 6. The method of claim 1, wherein thetrophinin-expressing cell is an endometrial cell.
 7. The method of claim1, wherein the trophinin-expressing cell is a trophoblast cell.
 8. Themethod of claim 2, wherein the trophinin-expressing cell is anendometrial cell.
 9. The method of claim 2, wherein thetrophinin-expressing cell is a trophoblast cell.
 10. The method of claim4, wherein the trophinin-expressing cell is an endometrial cell.
 11. Themethod of claim 4, wherein the trophinin-expressing cell is atrophoblast cell.